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Anatomy Ashley > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Difference of circulatory system and cardiovascular system

A

Circulatory: heart blood vessels and blood

cardiovascular system: heart and vessels

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2
Q

Three functions of the circulatory system

A

Transportation of oxygen nutrients and carries a metabolic waste

Protection inflammation limiting spread of infection

Regulation stabilize the fluid in the body

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3
Q

Difference between formed elements and plasma

A

Plasma matrix clear yellow fluid

Formed elements cells and cell fragments

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4
Q

Main components of plasma

A

Water proteins nutrients electrolytes

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5
Q

Functions of plasma

A

Clotting defense and transport of other solutes

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6
Q

Difference between serum and plasma

A

Serum does not have a clotting protein fibrinogen

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7
Q

Three major plasma proteins

A

Albumin gamma globulins fibrinogen

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8
Q

Function of albumin

A

Most abundant transport various solutes and buffer the pH of the plasma

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9
Q

Function of gamma globulin’s

A

Salute transport clotting immunity

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10
Q

Function of fibrinogen

A

Sticky protein that forms the framework of a blood clot

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11
Q

Organ that produces most plasma proteins

A

Liver

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12
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistance of a fluid to flow resulting from cohesion of particles thickness or stickiness of a fluid

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13
Q

Osmolarity

A

Rate of reabsorption nourish surrounding cells transfer of fluids

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14
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Production of blood and it’s formed elements

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15
Q

Two major types of hemopoietic tissues in adults

A

Yolk sac in membrane

Red bone marrow

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16
Q

Difference between lymphoid hemopoiesis and myeloid hemopoiesis

A

Blood formation in the bone marrow and lymphatic organs

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17
Q

Two functions of erythrocytes

A

Pick up oxygen from lungs and deliver tissues elsewhere

Pick up carbon dioxide from the tissues and unload it in the lungs

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18
Q

Lack of mitochondria in erythrocyte

A

Prevents from consuming the oxygen they must transport

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19
Q

Large amount of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm

A

Aids and transport of carbon dioxide and buffering blood pH

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20
Q

Cytoskeletal proteins in erythrocytes

A

Give membrane resilience and durability

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21
Q

Biconcave shape of erythrocytes

A

promotes Quick diffusion of oxygen

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22
Q

Hemoglobin molecule

A

4 protein chains globulins 2 Alpha chains 2 beta chains

heme finds oxygen to an iron atom at its center

iron key nutritional requirement

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23
Q

Two gases HB transport

A

Oxygen binds to iron atom at its center at heme

Carbon dioxide binds to go globin moiety

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24
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Erythrocyte production 3 to 5 days

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25
Four major developments in erythropoiesis
Reduction in cell size Increase in cell number Synthesis of hemoglobin Loss of nucleus and other organelles
26
Erythropoietin
Hormone secreted by the kidneys stimulates erythrocyte colony forming units to transform into an erythroblast
27
Nutrients required for erythropoiesis
Iron vitamin B 12 folic acid cell division and DNA synthesis Vitamin C and copper synthesize hemoglobin
28
Relationship between erythropoiesis and hypoxemia
Oxygen deficiency in blood
29
Causes of hypoxemia
Low oxygen in atmosphere Abrupt increase in oxygen consumption
30
Lifetime of erythrocytes
120 days
31
Erythrocytes cause of death
Old cells become trapped broken up and destroyed
32
Erythrocyte graveyard
Spleen
33
Hemolysis
Rupture of RBCs releases hemoglobin and leaves empty plasma membrane's
34
Erythrocyte membrane fragments
Easily digested by macrophages in the liver and spleen
35
Polycythemia
Dehydration because water is lost from the bloodstream erythrocytes remain and become abnormally concentrated
36
Hemorrhagic anemia
Bleeding results from kidney failure
37
Hemolytic anemia
RBC destruction trauma hemophilia menstruation ulcer
38
Iron deficiency anemia
Dietary deficiency of requirements for erythropoiesis
39
Pernicious anemia
Inadequate vitamin B 12 absorption
40
Aplastic hypoplastic anemia
Reduced physical activity gastric atrophy
41
Sickle cell anemia
Low oxygen concentration intense pain in oxygen starved tissues
42
Leukopenia
When white blood cell is below normal count arsenic mercury poisoning radiation sickness measles mumps and chickenpox polio
43
Leukocytosis
Count above 10,000 indicates infection allergy dehydration or emotional disturbances
44
Leukemia
Cancer of the hemopoietic tissues produces high number of circulating leukocytes
45
Thrombocytopenia
Interference with platelet production which produces dangerous platelet deficiency
46
Two main categories of leukocytes
Granulocytes | Agranulocytes
47
Granulocytes
Neutrophils eosinophils basophils
48
Agranulocytes
Monocytes lymphocytes
49
Neutrophils
Most abundant 3 to 5 lobes red granules destroyed bacteria
50
Lymphocytes
Second most abundant dark round violet color nucleus destroy cancer cells cells with viruses and secretes antibodies
51
Monocytes
Third most abundant horseshoe nucleus no granules macrophages phagocytize dead cells
52
Eosinophils
Fourth most abundant two large lobes orange pink granules destroy parasites such as worms
53
Basophil's
Least abundant nucleus S shaped dark violet granules secrete histamine
54
Leukopoiesis
Production of white blood cells
55
myeloblast
Neutrophils Eosinophils basophil's
56
Monoblasts
Monocytes
57
Lymphoblasts
Produce all lymphocyte types
58
Platelets
Small fragments of marrow cells
59
Thrombopoiesis
Production of platelets is a division of hemopoiesis
60
What hormone stimulates thrombopoiesis
thrombopoietin
61
Precursor cells that give rise to platelets
Megakaryocyte
62
Seven functions of platelets
Secrete chemicals stick together to form plugs secrete Clotting factors dissolve blood clots secrete chemicals to sites of information internalize and destroy bacteria secrete growth factors
63
Vascular spasm
Immediate protection against blood loss prompt constriction of broken blood vessel
64
Platelet plug formation
Pseudopods contract and drawl the walls of the vessel together reduce or stop minor bleeding
65
Coagulation
Important for it not to clot in the absence of vessel damage
66
Procoagulants
Clotting factors produced by the liver
67
Fibrinogen
Plasma protein
68
Fibrin
Sticky protein that adheres to the walls of a vessel
69
Thrombin
Converts fibrinogen into shorter strands of fibrin monomer
70
Extrinsic
Uses clotting factors from sources external to the blood
71
Intrinsic
uses only clotting factors found in the blood itself
72
Clot retraction
Adhere to strands of fiber in and contract draws edges of broken vessels together
73
Platelet derived growth factor
Fibroblasts invade clot and produce fibrous connective tissue to repair the damaged blood vessels
74
Fibrinolysis
Small cascade of reactions with a positive feedback component
75
Plasmin
Fibrin dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot
76
Platelet repulsion
Platelets do not adhere to the smooth endothelium of healthy blood vessels
77
Dilution
Small amounts of thrombin form in plasma thrombin diluted quickly clot has little chance to form
78
Anticoagulants
Thrombin formation is suppressed by anticoagulants that are present in the plasma
79
Hemophilia
A family of hereditary diseases characterized by deficiencies of one factor or another
80
Hematoma
Masses of clotted blood in the tissues
81
Thrombosis
The abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken blood vessel problematic in old-age
82
Thrombus
Clot that grows large enough to obstruct a small vessel or a piece of it may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream
83
Embolus
Can lodge in a small artery and block blood flow from that point on

Anatomy Ashley (9 decks)

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