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Anatomy Ashley > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Difference of circulatory system and cardiovascular system

A

Circulatory: heart blood vessels and blood

cardiovascular system: heart and vessels

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2
Q

Three functions of the circulatory system

A

Transportation of oxygen nutrients and carries a metabolic waste

Protection inflammation limiting spread of infection

Regulation stabilize the fluid in the body

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3
Q

Difference between formed elements and plasma

A

Plasma matrix clear yellow fluid

Formed elements cells and cell fragments

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4
Q

Main components of plasma

A

Water proteins nutrients electrolytes

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5
Q

Functions of plasma

A

Clotting defense and transport of other solutes

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6
Q

Difference between serum and plasma

A

Serum does not have a clotting protein fibrinogen

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7
Q

Three major plasma proteins

A

Albumin gamma globulins fibrinogen

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8
Q

Function of albumin

A

Most abundant transport various solutes and buffer the pH of the plasma

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9
Q

Function of gamma globulin’s

A

Salute transport clotting immunity

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10
Q

Function of fibrinogen

A

Sticky protein that forms the framework of a blood clot

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11
Q

Organ that produces most plasma proteins

A

Liver

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12
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistance of a fluid to flow resulting from cohesion of particles thickness or stickiness of a fluid

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13
Q

Osmolarity

A

Rate of reabsorption nourish surrounding cells transfer of fluids

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14
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Production of blood and it’s formed elements

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15
Q

Two major types of hemopoietic tissues in adults

A

Yolk sac in membrane

Red bone marrow

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16
Q

Difference between lymphoid hemopoiesis and myeloid hemopoiesis

A

Blood formation in the bone marrow and lymphatic organs

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17
Q

Two functions of erythrocytes

A

Pick up oxygen from lungs and deliver tissues elsewhere

Pick up carbon dioxide from the tissues and unload it in the lungs

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18
Q

Lack of mitochondria in erythrocyte

A

Prevents from consuming the oxygen they must transport

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19
Q

Large amount of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm

A

Aids and transport of carbon dioxide and buffering blood pH

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20
Q

Cytoskeletal proteins in erythrocytes

A

Give membrane resilience and durability

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21
Q

Biconcave shape of erythrocytes

A

promotes Quick diffusion of oxygen

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22
Q

Hemoglobin molecule

A

4 protein chains globulins 2 Alpha chains 2 beta chains

heme finds oxygen to an iron atom at its center

iron key nutritional requirement

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23
Q

Two gases HB transport

A

Oxygen binds to iron atom at its center at heme

Carbon dioxide binds to go globin moiety

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24
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Erythrocyte production 3 to 5 days

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25
Q

Four major developments in erythropoiesis

A

Reduction in cell size
Increase in cell number
Synthesis of hemoglobin
Loss of nucleus and other organelles

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26
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone secreted by the kidneys stimulates erythrocyte colony forming units to transform into an erythroblast

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27
Q

Nutrients required for erythropoiesis

A

Iron vitamin B 12 folic acid cell division and DNA synthesis

Vitamin C and copper synthesize hemoglobin

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28
Q

Relationship between erythropoiesis and hypoxemia

A

Oxygen deficiency in blood

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29
Q

Causes of hypoxemia

A

Low oxygen in atmosphere

Abrupt increase in oxygen consumption

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30
Q

Lifetime of erythrocytes

A

120 days

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31
Q

Erythrocytes cause of death

A

Old cells become trapped broken up and destroyed

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32
Q

Erythrocyte graveyard

A

Spleen

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33
Q

Hemolysis

A

Rupture of RBCs releases hemoglobin and leaves empty plasma membrane’s

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34
Q

Erythrocyte membrane fragments

A

Easily digested by macrophages in the liver and spleen

35
Q

Polycythemia

A

Dehydration because water is lost from the bloodstream erythrocytes remain and become abnormally concentrated

36
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia

A

Bleeding results from kidney failure

37
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

RBC destruction trauma hemophilia menstruation ulcer

38
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

Dietary deficiency of requirements for erythropoiesis

39
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Inadequate vitamin B 12 absorption

40
Q

Aplastic hypoplastic anemia

A

Reduced physical activity gastric atrophy

41
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Low oxygen concentration intense pain in oxygen starved tissues

42
Q

Leukopenia

A

When white blood cell is below normal count arsenic mercury poisoning radiation sickness measles mumps and chickenpox polio

43
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Count above 10,000 indicates infection allergy dehydration or emotional disturbances

44
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer of the hemopoietic tissues produces high number of circulating leukocytes

45
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Interference with platelet production which produces dangerous platelet deficiency

46
Q

Two main categories of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

47
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils eosinophils basophils

48
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Monocytes lymphocytes

49
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most abundant 3 to 5 lobes red granules destroyed bacteria

50
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Second most abundant dark round violet color nucleus destroy cancer cells cells with viruses and secretes antibodies

51
Q

Monocytes

A

Third most abundant horseshoe nucleus no granules macrophages phagocytize dead cells

52
Q

Eosinophils

A

Fourth most abundant two large lobes orange pink granules destroy parasites such as worms

53
Q

Basophil’s

A

Least abundant nucleus S shaped dark violet granules secrete histamine

54
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Production of white blood cells

55
Q

myeloblast

A

Neutrophils Eosinophils basophil’s

56
Q

Monoblasts

57
Q

Lymphoblasts

A

Produce all lymphocyte types

58
Q

Platelets

A

Small fragments of marrow cells

59
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

Production of platelets is a division of hemopoiesis

60
Q

What hormone stimulates thrombopoiesis

A

thrombopoietin

61
Q

Precursor cells that give rise to platelets

A

Megakaryocyte

62
Q

Seven functions of platelets

A

Secrete chemicals stick together to form plugs secrete Clotting factors dissolve blood clots secrete chemicals to sites of information internalize and destroy bacteria secrete growth factors

63
Q

Vascular spasm

A

Immediate protection against blood loss prompt constriction of broken blood vessel

64
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

Pseudopods contract and drawl the walls of the vessel together reduce or stop minor bleeding

65
Q

Coagulation

A

Important for it not to clot in the absence of vessel damage

66
Q

Procoagulants

A

Clotting factors produced by the liver

67
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Plasma protein

68
Q

Fibrin

A

Sticky protein that adheres to the walls of a vessel

69
Q

Thrombin

A

Converts fibrinogen into shorter strands of fibrin monomer

70
Q

Extrinsic

A

Uses clotting factors from sources external to the blood

71
Q

Intrinsic

A

uses only clotting factors found in the blood itself

72
Q

Clot retraction

A

Adhere to strands of fiber in and contract draws edges of broken vessels together

73
Q

Platelet derived growth factor

A

Fibroblasts invade clot and produce fibrous connective tissue to repair the damaged blood vessels

74
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Small cascade of reactions with a positive feedback component

75
Q

Plasmin

A

Fibrin dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot

76
Q

Platelet repulsion

A

Platelets do not adhere to the smooth endothelium of healthy blood vessels

77
Q

Dilution

A

Small amounts of thrombin form in plasma thrombin diluted quickly clot has little chance to form

78
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Thrombin formation is suppressed by anticoagulants that are present in the plasma

79
Q

Hemophilia

A

A family of hereditary diseases characterized by deficiencies of one factor or another

80
Q

Hematoma

A

Masses of clotted blood in the tissues

81
Q

Thrombosis

A

The abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken blood vessel problematic in old-age

82
Q

Thrombus

A

Clot that grows large enough to obstruct a small vessel or a piece of it may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream

83
Q

Embolus

A

Can lodge in a small artery and block blood flow from that point on

Anatomy Ashley (9 decks)

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