Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

a&p > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Acquires nutrients from environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Used to synthesize essential compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Broken down to provide energy to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is in the digestive tract?

A
  1. GI tract or alimentary canal
  2. Muscular tube
  3. Extends from oral cavity to anus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Getting food into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is mechanical digestion and propulsion?

A

Physical breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Chemical breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is secretion?

A

In the liver and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is absorption?

A

Mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 6 integrated processes of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical Digestion/Propulsion
  3. Chemical Digestion
  4. Secretion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the lining of digestive tract?

A
  1. Safeguards surrounding tissues
  2. Corrosive effects of digestive acids, bases, and enzymes
  3. Bacteria either ingested with food or that reside in digestive tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is peritoneum?

A
  1. Serous membrane lining peritoneal cavity
  2. Superficial mesothelium covering a layer of areolar tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is visceral peritoneum? (serosa)

A

Covers organs within peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is parietal peritoneum?

A

Lines inner surfaces of body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do mesenteries do?

A

Provide a route to and from digestive tract for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A
  1. Stabilizes position of stomach
  2. Provides access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the dorsal mesentery?

A
  1. Enlarges to form an enormous pouch, the greater omentum
  2. Extends inferiorly between body wall and anterior surface of small intestine
  3. Hangs like an apron from lateral and inferior borders of stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the adipose tissue in greater omentum?

A
  1. Contributes to “beer belly”
  2. Visceral fat (fat around the organs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the major layers of digestive tract?

A
  1. Mucosa (always innermost)
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular layer
  4. Serosa (always outermost)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

Inner lining of digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the mucous membrane consist of?

A
  1. Epithelium, moistened by glandular secretions
  2. Lamina propria of areolar tissue
  3. Muscular muscularis mucosae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the major job of mucosa?

A

Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What epithelium does mucosal have?

A

Simple or stratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What epithelium does oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal have?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What epithelium does stomach, small intestine, most of large intestine have?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is lamina propria?

A

A layer of areolar connective tissue that contains:
1. Blood vessels
2. Sensory nerve endings
3. Lymphatic vessels
4. Smooth muscle cells
5. Scattered lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is muscularis mucosae?

A

Narrow sheet of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is submucosa?

A
  1. Layer of dense irregular connective tissue
  2. May contain exocrine glands
  3. Secrete buffers and enzymes into digestive tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is submucosal neural plexus?

A

Think of these as mini-brains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is in the submucosal neural plexus?

A

Sensory neurons, parasympathetic ganglionic neurons, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the muscular layer involved in?

A
  1. Involved in mechanical digestion and moving materials along digestive tract
  2. Movements coordinated by enteric nervous system (ENS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the myenteric plexus?

A

CONTROLS THE MUSCLES THAT MOVE FOOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the motility of digestive tract?

A

Wave of contraction spreads throughout entire muscular sheet (peristalsis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Waves of muscular contractions that move a bolus along length of digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is segmentation?

A
  1. Cycles of contraction that churn and fragment the bolus
  2. Mixing contents with intestinal secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are local factors?

A

pH, volume, or chemical composition (enzymes) of intestinal contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What can pH, volume, or chemical composition (enzymes) of intestinal contents have?

A

Can have direct, localized effects on digestive activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the stretching of intestinal wall indicate? (increased volume)

A
  1. Major cue to stop eating
  2. Can stimulate localized contractions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are visceral motor neurons?

A
  1. Control smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion
  2. Located in myenteric plexus (enteric NS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are short reflexes?

A
  1. local reflexes
  2. control small segments of digestive tract
  3. Operate entirely outside of CNS control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are long reflexes?

A

Stimulate large-scale peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are hormonal mechanisms?

A
  1. enteroendocrine cells in digestive tract produce many peptide hormones (product)
  2. Affect almost every aspect of digestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is sensory analysis?

A

Of food before swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Through actions of teeth, tongue, and palatal surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is lubrication?

A

By mixing with mucus and saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is limited chemical digestion?

A

Of carbohydrates and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is oral mucosa?

A
  1. epithelial + connective
  2. stratified squamous epithelium
  3. thin and nonkeratinized
48
Q

What does the tongue do?

A
  1. Mechanical digestion by compression, abrasion, and distortion
  2. Manipulation to assist in chewing and to prepare food for swallowing
  3. Secretion of mucins and lingual lipase (enzyme)
49
Q

What three major pairs of salivary glands secrete into oral cavity?

A
  1. Parotid glands
  2. Sublingual glands
  3. Submandibular glands
50
Q

What do parotid glands do?

A
  1. Produce serous secretion
    Containing salivary amylase to break down starches
51
Q

What do sublingual glands do?

A
  1. produce mucus
    Acts as a buffer (handles excessive H and OH) and lubricant
52
Q

What do submandibular glands do?

A

Secrete buffers, glycoproteins (mucins), and salivary amylase (secretes a little bit of all)

53
Q

How much liters do salivary glands produce?

A

Salivary glands produce 1.0–1.5 liters each day

54
Q

How much percent of saliva is water?

A

99.4 percent water

55
Q

What does the remaining 0.6 percent in saliva contain?

A

Electrolytes (ions involved in normal cell function), buffers, glycol-proteins, antibodies, enzymes, and wastes

56
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  1. Cleaning oral surfaces
  2. Controlling populations of bacteria and limiting acids that they produce
57
Q

What is the regulation of salivary secretions?

A
  1. Salivary glands have parasympathetic (turn on) and sympathetic innervation (turn off)
  2. Parasympathetic stimulation accelerates secretion by all salivary glands
58
Q

What does the tongue do?

A
  1. Tongue compacts chewed food into a bolus (know that food is known as a bolus)
  2. Moist, rounded ball
59
Q

What is the esophagus?

A
  1. Begins posterior to cricoid cartilage
  2. Innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers from esophageal plexus
60
Q

What does the resting muscle tone in circular muscle layer do?

A

Prevents backflow of materials from stomach

61
Q

What three layers does the wall of esophagus have?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular layer
62
Q

What is in the swallowing reflex?

A

Information is relayed to swallowing center of medulla oblongata

63
Q

What are the major functions of stomach?

A
  1. Temporary storage of ingested food
  2. Mechanical digestion with muscular contractions
  3. Chemical digestion of food with acid and enzymes
64
Q

What is chyme?

A
  1. Bolus turns to chyme
  2. Partially digested food mixed with acidic secretions of stomach
65
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Thick circular layer of muscle within pylorus

66
Q

What is rugae?

A
  1. Allow for expansion of gastric lumen
    Up to 50 times its empty size
67
Q

What do gastric pits do?

A
  1. Produce acid
  2. Shallow depressions that open onto gastric surface
68
Q

What do mucous cells do?

A
  1. They are at base (neck) of each gastric pit
  2. Actively divide, replacing superficial cells
69
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

indirectly secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)

70
Q

What do chief cells do?

A
  1. Secrete pepsinogen (inactive enzyme) (an inactive proenzyme)
  2. Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin (active enzyme) (an active proteolytic enzyme) by HCl in gastric lumen
71
Q

What are Enteroendocrine cells (hormones)?

A
  1. G cells produce gastrin (promotes stomach digestion)
  2. D cells release somatostatin (inhibits stomach digestion)
72
Q

What is the chemical digestion in stomach?

A
  1. Some digestion of carbohydrates
    2.Preliminary digestion of proteins by pepsin increases
  2. Nutrients are not absorbed in stomach
73
Q

What is the pancreatic duct?

A
  1. exocrine
  2. Delivers secretions of pancreas to duodenum
74
Q

What are pancreatic islets?

A

Endocrine tissues of pancreas

75
Q

What do Endocrine cells of pancreatic islets do?

A

Secrete insulin (sugar storage) and glucagon (sugar release) into bloodstream

76
Q

What do exocrine cells do?

A

Secrete alkaline pancreatic juice into small intestine

77
Q

What are the pancreatic enzymes?

A
  1. Pancreatic alpha-amylase (carbs)
  2. Pancreatic lipase (lipids)
  3. Nucleases (nucleic acids)
  4. Proteolytic enzymes (proteins)
78
Q

What is trypsinogen?

A

Converted to active trypsin (major enzyme that breaks down proteins) in duodenum

79
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Performs essential metabolic and synthetic functions

80
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

Liver cells

81
Q

What is in the bile duct system?

A
  1. Liver secrets bile
  2. Right and left hepatic ducts unite to form common hepatic duct
  3. From common hepatic duct, bile enters either duodenal (for use) or gallbladder (for storage)
82
Q

What affects regulatory activites of liver?

A
  1. Waste removal
  2. Drug detoxification
82
Q

What is the physiology of liver?

A

Liver has over 200 functions in three categories

83
Q

What does the liver receive?

A
  1. Liver receives about 25 percent of cardiac output
    -Largest blood reservoir in body
84
Q

What do bile salts do?

A
  1. Bile salts in bile break lipid droplets apart (emulsification (means makes fats H2O soluble) in duodenum
    -Creates tiny emulsion droplets coated with bile salts
85
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

Stores and concentrates bile prior to secretion into small intestine

86
Q

What happens without CCK?

A
  1. Hepatopancreatic sphincter encircling lumen of bile duct remains closed
  2. Bile exiting liver in common hepatic duct enters cystic duct and is stored in gallbladder
87
Q

What happens with CCK?

A
  1. Hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxes
  2. Gallbladder contracts (causes release of bile salts)
88
Q

What is in the small intestine?

A

-Long, muscular tube where
Chemical digestion is completed
90 percent of nutrient absorption occurs
-Consists of three segments
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

89
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

-Segment of small intestine closest to stomach
-25 cm long (10 inches)
-“Mixing bowl” that receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver

90
Q

What is the jejunum?

A
  1. Middle segment of small intestine
  2. 2.5 meters long
  3. Site of most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
91
Q

What is the intestinal villi?

A

-Fingerlike projections in mucosa of small intestine
-Covered by simple columnar epithelium
-Carpeted with microvilli that form brush border

91
Q

What is the illeum?

A

-Final segment of small intestine
-3.5 meters long
-Ends at ileocecal valve
Sphincter that controls flow of material from ileum into cecum of large intestine

92
Q

How many liters of intestinal juice enters intestinal lumen each day?

A

1.8 liters of intestinal juice

93
Q

What does intestinal juice do?

A

1.Moistens chyme
2.Assists in buffering acids

94
Q

What are the major hormones of duodenum?

A

-Gastrin (activates gastric cells)
-Secretin (inhibits gastric cells)
-Cholecystokinin (CCK) (activates duodenal components)

95
Q

What is the large intestine?

A

Horseshoe shaped
Extends from end of ileum to anus
Lies inferior to stomach and liver
Frames the small intestine
About 1.5 meters long and 7.5 cm wide

96
Q

What is the cecum?

A

pouchlike first portion

97
Q

What is the colon?

A

largest portion

98
Q

What is the rectum?

A

The last 15 cm and end of digestive tract

99
Q

What does the cecum do?

A

Receives and stores materials arriving from ileum (small intestine)

100
Q

What does the appendix do? (immune tissue)

A

Dominated by lymphoid nodules

101
Q

What does the haustra do?

A
  1. Pouches in wall of colon
  2. Permit expansion and elongation
102
Q

What does the colon do?

A

Larger diameter and thinner wall than small intestine

102
Q

What does the rectum do?

A

-Forms last 15 cm of digestive tract
-Expandable organ for temporary storage of feces

103
Q

What is in the internal anal sphincter?

A

-Smooth muscle cells
-Not under voluntary control

104
Q

What is in the external anal sphincter?

A

-Skeletal muscle fibers
-Under voluntary control

105
Q

What is the histology of large intestine?

A
  1. Lacks villi
  2. Mucus provides lubrication for fecal material
  3. Primary job is to absorb liquid and compact feces
106
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A
  1. Absorption or reabsorption of
    Water
    Nutrients (less than 10 percent)
    Bile salts
    Organic wastes
    Vitamins and toxins produced by bacteria
  2. Compaction of intestinal contents into feces
  3. Storage of fecal material prior to defecation
107
Q

What is microbiome?

A

-Microbes (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) that live in and on human body
Including those that inhabit large intestine

108
Q

What are vitamins?

A
  1. Organic molecules (carbon based)
  2. Important as cofactors or coenzymes in metabolism
109
Q

What is vitamin k?

A
  1. fat soluble
  2. Required by liver for synthesizing four clotting factors, including prothrombin
110
Q

What is biotin (b vitamin)?

A
  1. Water soluble
  2. Important in glucose metabolism
  3. Important for keratin
111
Q

What is vitamin b5?

A
  1. water soluble
  2. Required in manufacture of steroid hormones and some neurotransmitters
112
Q

What do organic wastes do?

A
  1. Bacteria feed on indigestible carbohydrates
    -Produce flatus (intestinal gas) in large intestine
113
Q

What happens for elimination of feces?

A

Requires relaxation of internal and external anal sphincters

114
Q

What does lactase do?

A

-Lactase (enzyme) hydrolyzes lactose (sugar)
Insufficient lactase leads to lactose intolerance

a&p (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions