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chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the respiratory system require?

A
  1. Requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide
  2. Oxygen is obtained from air by diffusion across exchange surfaces in lungs
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2
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Provide extensive surface area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood (alveoli)
  2. Move air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs (diaphragm/intercostal muscles)
  3. Protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes, pathogens and particulates
  4. Produce sounds
  5. Detect odors with olfactory receptors in nasal cavity
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3
Q

What is in the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

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4
Q

What is in the lower respiratory system?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

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5
Q

What is in the Respiratory tract?

A
  1. Conducting portion
    From nasal cavity to larger bronchioles
  2. Respiratory portion
    Smallest respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
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6
Q

What is the alveoli?

A
  1. Air-filled pockets within lungs
  2. Where all gas exchange takes place
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7
Q

What is Respiratory mucosa?

A
  1. Lines conducting portion of respiratory system
  2. Consists of
    An epithelium
    Areolar tissue layer (lamina propria)
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8
Q

What are the functions in the respiratory defense system?

A

1.A series of filtration mechanisms
2. Removes particles and pathogens from inhaled air

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9
Q

What is the structure of respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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10
Q

What does alveolar epithelium?

A

Very delicate, simple, squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What is the nasal vestibule?

A

Space contained within flexible, tissues of nose

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12
Q

What are nasal hairs?

A

Trap large particles in hair

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13
Q

What is nasal septum?

A

Divides nasal cavity into left and right sides
Anterior portion (hyaline cartilage) supports dorsum of nose and apex of nose

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14
Q

What is the superior portion of nasal cavity?

A

olfactory region, which provides sense of smell

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15
Q

Where does airflow?

A

From vestibule to choanae (openings of nasal cavity)
Through superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses

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16
Q

Meatuses produce air to what?

A
  1. Trap particles in mucus
  2. Warm and humidify incoming air
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17
Q

What is nasal mucosa?

A

Warms and humidifies inhaled air for arrival at lower respiratory system

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18
Q

Where does air flow from?

A

Air flows from pharynx to larynx

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19
Q

What is thyroid cartilage?

A
  1. hyaline cartilage
  2. adams apple
  3. Ligaments attach to hyoid bone, epiglottis, and smaller laryngeal cartilages
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20
Q

What is epiglottis?

A

Covers glottis when swallowing

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21
Q

What is the function of epiglottis during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis folds back over glottis

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22
Q

What does trachea contain?

A
  1. Contains 15–20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages
  2. Discontinuous where trachea contacts esophagus, allowing distortion
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23
Q

What is bronchial tree?

A
  1. Right main bronchus and left main bronchus
  2. Each divides to form lobar bronchi that supply lobes of lungs
  3. Lobar bronchi branch to form segmental bronchi
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24
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Inflammation and constriction of bronchi and bronchioles due to infection

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25
Q

What is Bronchodilation?

A
  1. Caused by sympathetic (purposeful) activation
  2. Enlarges luminal diameter of airway
  3. Reduces resistance to airflow
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26
Q

What is Bronchoconstriction?

A

1.Parasympathetic activation
2. Histamine release (allergic reactions)

27
Q

What is asthma?

A

Excessive stimulation of smooth muscles
Causing severe bronchoconstriction
Restricts airflow

28
Q

What is surfactant?

A
  1. Oily secretion
  2. Contains phospholipids and proteins
  3. Coats alveolar surface and reduces surface tension
29
Q

What is Respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  1. Alveoli collapse after each exhalation
  2. Caused by inadequate amounts of surfactant due to injury or genetic abnormalities
30
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A
  1. inflammation of lung tissue
  2. Causes fluid to leak into alveoli
31
Q

Where are left and right lungs?

A
  1. In left and right pleural cavities
  2. Inferior portion (base) rests on diaphragm
32
Q

What does right lung have?

A
  1. three lobes
  2. superior, middle and inferior
33
Q

What does left lung have?

A
  1. two lobes
  2. superior and inferior
34
Q

What is in the left lung?

A

Indented on medial margin forming cardiac notch

35
Q

How is the bp in pulmonary circuit?

A
  1. Lower than that in systemic circuit
  2. Pulmonary vessels are easily blocked by blood clots, fat, or air bubbles
36
Q

What is pulmonary embolism?

A

A blocked branch of pulmonary artery that stops blood flow to lobules or alveoli

37
Q

What is pleura?

A

Consists of two layers

38
Q

What is parietal pleura?

A

lines inner surface of thoracic wall

39
Q

What is visceral pleura?

A

covers outer surfaces of lungs

40
Q

What is pleural fluid?

A

Lubricates space between the two layers

41
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low tissue oxygen levels

42
Q

What is anoxia?

A

Complete lack of oxygen in tissues

43
Q

What is atmospheric pressure atm?

A

Weight of Earth’s atmosphere
Has several important physiological effects

44
Q

What does Respiratory cycle consist of?

A

An inspiration (inhalation)
An expiration (exhalation)

45
Q

What does pulmonary ventilation cause?

A

volume changes that create changes in pressure

46
Q

What are the primary respiratory muscles?

A

The diaphragm
External intercostals

47
Q

What are the mechanics of breathing?

A

Inhalation is always active
Exhalation can be active (if trying to blow out) or passive (on a typical breath)

48
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of air moved into or out of lungs in a breath

49
Q

What is Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

Additional amount of air capable of being exhaled

50
Q

What is Residual volume?

A

Amount of air in lungs after maximal exhalation
Minimal volume (in a collapsed lung)

51
Q

What is Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

Additional amount of air that can be inhaled

52
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

53
Q

What is Functional residual capacity (FRC) ?

A

Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

54
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

55
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

56
Q

What is dalton’s law?

A

Each gas contributes to total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance

57
Q

What is henry’s law?

A

At a given temperature, amount of a gas in solution is proportional to partial pressure of that gas

58
Q

What is the solubility of gases in body fluids?

A

CO2 is highly soluble
O2 is somewhat less soluble

59
Q

In external respiration, blood arriving in pulmonary arteries (co2 rich) has

A

Low PO2
High PCO2

60
Q

What does the concentration gradient cause?

A

O2 to enter blood (come inside)
CO2 to leave blood (go to outside)

61
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Oxygenated blood mixes with deoxygenated blood from conducting passageways

62
Q

What are the factors that affect Hb saturation?

A

PO2 of blood
Blood pH
Temperature
Metabolic activity within RBCs

63
Q

What is in fetal hemoglobin?

A

Fetal Hb binds more O2 than does adult Hb

a&p (8 decks)

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