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A/P II > Chapter 23 EXAM PORTION > Flashcards

Chapter 23 EXAM PORTION Flashcards

1
Q

Define metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

What are the 3 main functions of digestiom?

A

Take in food, break it down into nutrient molecules, absorb molecules into the bloodstream

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3
Q

6 Step Process of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical breakdown
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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4
Q

What is the difference between digestion and metabolism?

A

Digestion is breakdown of food in the GI tract whereas metabolism is all the chemical reactions in the entire body

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5
Q

What important functions do bile salts perform?

A

Lipid emulsification

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6
Q

What is the difference between long and short reflexive pathways?

A

Long is outside the GI tract and short is inside the GI tract

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7
Q

What are the organs of the digestive system?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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8
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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9
Q

Where does carbohydrate breakdown begin and what does it break down into?

A

Starts in mouth and breaks down into galactose, glucose, fructose

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10
Q

Where does protein digestion start and what does it break down into?

A

Starts in stomach and breaks down into polypeptides, peptides and amino acids

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11
Q

Where does lipid digestion begin and where does major emulsification occur?

A

Starts in mouth and ME occurs in liver

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12
Q

What are the divisions of the small intestine in order?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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13
Q

4 tunic layers in order

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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14
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the urinary system in order from most superior organ?

A

Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

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15
Q

Describe location of the kidney using anatomical terminology

A

Retroperitoneal, between T12 and L5.

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16
Q

What structure reduces the spread of infection to the kidney?

A

Fibrous capsule

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17
Q

What is the flow of urine?

A

Renal pyramid, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pevlis, ureter

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18
Q

What is an important function of JGC

A

Regulate rate of filtrate formation and BP

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19
Q

What are the 3 JGC cells?

A

Macula densa, JG cells and extraglomerular mesangial cells

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20
Q

Glomerular filtration rate is directly proportional to?

A

Net filtration pressure, total surface area, filtration membrane permeability, intrinsic controls

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21
Q

What is different about the glomerulus vs other capillary systems?

A

It is drained by an efferent arteriole

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22
Q

What establishes the medullary osmotic gradient?

A

Mostly the permeability properties of the nephron loop.

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23
Q

List the salivary glands

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual.

24
Q

What is the digestive function of the liver?

A

Production of bile.

25
Q

What is the digestive function of the gallbladder?

A

Storage of bile.

26
Q

What is the digestive function of the pancreas?

A

Supplies most of the enzymes needed to digest chyme as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

27
Q

What is the digestive function of the mouth?

A

Food is chewed and mixed with enzyme containing saliva that begins process of digestion and swallowing process is initiated

28
Q

Digestive function of the pharynx

A

Food passes from the mouth into the oropharynx and then into the laryngopharynx

29
Q

What is the digestive function of the esophagus?

A

Allows for the passage of material from the mouth and throat to the stomach

30
Q

What is the digestive function of the stomach?

A

Termporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion. Converts bolus of food to paste-like chyme, empty is 50mL volume but can expand to 4L.

31
Q

What is the major digestive function of the large intestine?

A

Propulsion of feces to anus and defecation

32
Q

What is the name of the GI tracts nervous system?

A

Enteric nervous system also called the gut brain. Contains more neurons than the spinal cord.

33
Q

Parasympathetic system ____ digestive process

A

Enhances

34
Q

Sympathetic system ____ digestion

A

Inhibits

35
Q

What is the enteric nervous system made up of?

A

Enteric neurons that communicate extensively with eachother

36
Q

What are the 3 types of mucosa layers?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

37
Q

What are the 2 types of circulation for the digestive system?

A

Sphlanchnic circulation and hepatic portal circulation

38
Q

What does sphlanchnic circulation include?

A

Arteries that branch off the aorta to serve digestive organs. (Hepatic, splenic, left gastric, inferior and superior mesenteric arteries)

39
Q

What does hepatic portal circulation do?

A

Drains nutrient rich blood from digestive organs and delivers blood to liver for processing

40
Q

What type of muscle is in the internal anal sphincter?

A

Smooth muscle

41
Q

What type of muscle is in the external anal sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle

42
Q

What does the gastroesophageal sphincter surround and what is it’s purpose?

A

Cardial orifice and it keeps it closed when food is not being swallowed, mucus cells on each side protect esophagus from acid reflux

43
Q

What is the purpose of the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

Allows food to enter esophagus

44
Q

Where is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Bottom of the stomach

45
Q

What is the purpose of the ileocecal sphincter?

A

Relax and admit chyme into large intestine - small intestine

46
Q

What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Appenxid
  3. Colon
  4. Rectum
  5. Anal canal
47
Q

What is the cecum?

A

First part of the large intestine?

48
Q

What is the appendix and what is it’s function?

A

Masses of lymphoid tissue. Part of MALT of immune system. Stores bacteria capable of recolonizing gut when necessary.

49
Q

Why is the appendix susceptible to blockages?

A

Twisted shape

50
Q

What are the 2 types of colon and where do they run?

A

Descending (down left side of abdominal cavity). Sigmoid (S-shaped portion that travels through pelvis)

51
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation

52
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices

53
Q

What is haustral contractions?

A

Most contractions of colon, where haustra sequentially contract in response to distension.

54
Q

What is the location and function of the parotid salivary gland?

A

Anterior to ear and external to masseter muscle. Parotid duct opens into oral vestibule next to second upper molar.

55
Q

What is the location and function of the submandibular salivary gland?

A

Medial to body of mandible. Duct opens at base of lingual frenulum

56
Q

What is the location and function of the sublingual salivary gland?

A

Anterior to submandibular gland under tongue. Opens via 10-12 ducts into floor of mouth

A/P II (9 decks)

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