Chapter 22 Differential Reinforcement

Question 1

Differential reinforcement is a defining feature of _______ new behaviors

Answer 1

Shaping

Question 2

All applications of entail ____________ ____________ reinforcing one response class and withholding reinforcement for another response class.

Answer 2

Differential reinforcement

Question 3

The four most researched variations of differential reinforcement for decreasing inappropriate behavior are:

Answer 3

1. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI),
2. Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA),
3. Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO), and
4. Differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)

Question 4

Differential reinforcement of _______ ___________ reinforces behavior that cannot occur simultaneously with the problem behavior and withholds reinforcement following instances of the problem behavior.

Answer 4

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)

Question 5

A practitioner using Differential reinforcement of ___________ _________ reinforces occurrences of behavior that provides a desirable alternative to the problem behavior but is not necessarily incompatible with it.

Answer 5

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)

Question 6

When escape from a task or demand situation is used as the reinforcer in a differential reinforcement procedure for reducing inappropriate behavior, the intervention is sometimes called __________ ________ ___________ __ ________ ________.

Answer 6

Differential negative reinforcement of alternative (or incompatible) behavior (DNRA or DNRI)

Question 7

A practitioner using Differential reinforcement of _____ ___________ delivers a reinforcer whenever the problem behavior has not occurred during or at specific times.

Answer 7

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)

Question 8

____ is sometimes called differential reinforcement of zero responding or omission training

Answer 8

DRO

Question 9

Four basic DRO arrangements

Answer 9

Fixed-Interval DRO (FI-DRO)
Variable-Interval DRO (VI-DRO)
Fixed-Momentary DRO (FM-DRO)
Variable-Momentary DRO (VM-DRO)

Question 10

To apply a fixed-interval DRO (FI-DRO) procedure

Answer 10

(a) establishes an interval of time;
(b) delivers reinforcement at the end of that interval if the problem did not occur during the interval; and
(c) upon any occurrence of the problem behavior, immediately re-sets the timer to begin a new interval.

Question 11

When reinforcement is delivered contingent on the absence of the targeted problem behavior during intervals of varying and unpredictable durations, a ________-________ ____ schedule is in effect.

Answer 11

Variable- interval DRO (VI-DRO)

Question 12

Fixed-momentary DRO (FM-DRO) and variable- momentary DRO (VM-DRO) schedules use the same pro- cedures as interval DRO (FI-DRO, VI-DRO) except that ___________ ____ ______________ ___ ___ _______ ________ ____ ______ _____ _________ _____, rather than through- out the entire interval as with the whole-interval DRO.

Answer 12

Reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior only when each interval ends

Question 13

DRL schedule is delivered following an __________ of the target behavior,

Answer 13

Occurrence

Question 14

DRL schedules produce ____, consistent rates of responding.

Answer 14

Low

Question 15

behavior analysts use DRL to decrease the rate of a behavior that occurs __ __________, but not to eliminate the behavior entirely.

Answer 15

Too frequently

Question 16

When reinforcement is applied in this manner as an intervention to reduce the occurrences of a target behavior, the procedure is called Differential reinforcement of ___ ______.

Answer 16

Differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)

Question 17

Three DRL procedures:

Answer 17

Full-session DRL,
Interval DRL, and
Spaced-responding DRL.

Question 18

Reinforcement is delivered at the end of an instructional or treatment session if during the entire session the target behavior occurred at a number equal to or below a predetermined criterion

Answer 18

Full-Session DRL

Question 19

The practitioner divides a total session into a series of equal intervals of time and provides reinforcement at the end of each interval in which the number of occurrences of the problem behavior during that interval is equal to or below a criterion limit.

Answer 19

Interval DRL

Question 20

The practitioner delivers a reinforcer following an occurrence of a response that is separated by at least a
minimum amount of time from the previous response.

Answer 20

Spaced-Responding DRL