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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

0
Q

A clear to milky extra cellular fluid. It is interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels.

A

Lymph

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1
Q

System of vessels through which clear fluid (lymph) passes. It drains interstitial fluid, transports dietary lipids to the blood, and facilitates the immune responses.

A

Lymphatic system

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2
Q

Too much fluid in blood

A

Edema

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3
Q

Slightly larger than regular capillaries. Have dead ends (branch out) and one way pores (blood flows in, not out). No pressure.

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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4
Q

Lymph fluid flows from the ________ to the __________. Starts as interstitial fluid, then capillaries, then vessels, then nodes.

A

Periphery (edges) ; center

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5
Q

After aggregating through nodes, fluid goes through _______ ________, then to ___________ __________.

A

Lymphatic ducts; subclavian veins

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6
Q

Primary lymph organs are the…..

These are sites where Stem cells divide and become immunocompetent.

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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7
Q

Becoming immunocompetent means

A

Becoming able of mounting an immune response.

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8
Q

Sites where most immune responses occur. (Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils).

A

Secondary lymphatic organs.

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9
Q

This lymphatic organ is composed of T cells. The outer cortex is composed of immature T cells that proliferate and move to the inner medulla as they mature.

A

Thymus

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10
Q

Lymph goes into nodes through __________, then to subscap, trabec, then to the _________ __________, and finally exiting through the _________ ________.

A

Afferent vessels; medullary sinus, efferent vessels

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11
Q

Efferent lymphatic vessels convey _______, ___________, and ____________ out of the node.

A

Lymph, antibodies, activated T cells.

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12
Q

Organ that consists of white pulp and red pulp.

A

Spleen

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13
Q

Pulp in spleen that has lymphocytes and macrophages carrying out immune function.

A

White pulp

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14
Q

Pulp in spleen where platelets are stored and where old red cell recycling takes place.
Half circulatory half lymphatic

A

Red pulp

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15
Q

Type of immune response that is present at birth . It’s nonspecific and non adaptive. Includes internal defenses like phagocytes, natural killer cells (no eat> release missiles), endogenous antimicrobials, complement system (clearly recognize bad), inflammation, fever.

A

Innate immunity

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16
Q

Fever is a ____ _______ response.

A

Non-specific

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17
Q

_______= vasodilation, emigration! repair.
It is redness, pain, heat, swelling. Trying to rid microbes and foreign materials, diluted toxins, and prepare for healing.

A

Inflammation.

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18
Q

Substances that provoke an immune response ad called

A

Antigens

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19
Q

Adapt defenses against specific antigens and maintain memory from the previous encounters

A

Adaptive immunity

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20
Q

Antigens can have multiple antigenic determinants called…..each one is capable of producing immune response.

A

Epitopes

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21
Q

Stage one is adaptive immunity. ________ _________ _________ identify a new antigen.

A

Antigen presenting cells APCs

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22
Q

Cell markers that identify self from non-self

A

MHC molecules

23
Q

Stage 2 in adaptive immunity. Destroys invader/isolates antigen. Presents the antigen to ________

A

Helper T cell

24
Q

Stage 3 of adaptive immunity. Once T cells latch on to the antigen, it actives. Gets whole system’s attention. Activated T cells activate ___________

A

T Cytotoxic cells and B cells

25
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

T cytotoxic cells

26
Q

Antibody mediated immunity

A

B cells

27
Q

Stage 4 of adaptive immunity. Activated cytotoxic T cells directly attack ________________

A

Intracellular pathogens and some cancer cells

28
Q

These cells can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more active T cells and more _______ helper T cells.

A

Memory helper T cells

29
Q

These cells transform into antibody making plasma cells.

A

B cells

30
Q

Composed of 4 peptide chains. Have a Y shape. The stem is similar for each class. The ______ _______ gives an __________ it’s specificity.

A

Antibody, variable region (antigen-binding region)

31
Q

Antibodies belong to a group of glycoproteins called _______, so th ar also called _______________

A

Globulins, immunoglobulins

32
Q

This inserts into the plasma membrane of the target cell in adaptive immunity and creates channels in th membrane. Protein released by cytotoxic T cell.

A

Perforin

33
Q

Protein released by cytotoxic T cell granules that enters through the channels and destroys the microbes by creating holes in their plasma membranes.

A

Granulysin

34
Q

_________ are good for neutralizing a bacterial or viral antibody, or a toxin agglutination and precipitation.

A

Antibodies

35
Q

________ are good for enhancing phagocytosis which is called ___________

A

Antibodies, opsonization

36
Q

_________ activate complement pathway

A

Antibodies

37
Q

A series of blood proteins that work with antibodies. Encourages vasodilation and inflammation, antigen opsonization, and antigen destruction.

A

Complement system

38
Q

Class if antibody. A monomer with two antigen binding sites. Most common. 80% of total antibody. Only class able to cross the placenta. Provides for long term immunity.

A

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

39
Q

a pentamer with ten antigen binding sites.
Great activator of complement, but has a shorties response.
The first antibody to appear in an immune response.

A

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

40
Q

a dimer with 4 antigen binding sites
Present in breast milk.
Prevelant in body secretions like sweat, tears, saliva, breast milk and gastrointestinal fluids.
Cannot synthesize.

A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

41
Q

a monomer involved in allergic reactions.

Comprises less than .1% of antibodies.

A

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

42
Q

a monomer with a wide array of functions. Some of which have a puzzle since it’s discovery in 1944.

A

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

43
Q

injected with antigen. First responses remembers.
Memory cells kick into activation when previous antigen enters body.
Antibody titers are much hIgher and faster on the second response.

A

Immunological memory

44
Q

immune response is compromised- can’t produce antibodies as quickly as you used to….etc, antigens can take control.

A

Immunodeficiency

45
Q

caused by HIV infection
HIV destroys T4 cells/ they control the activity of t reg cells- suppress immune system.
Thus immunodeficiency. Results in enhanced activity of t reg cells.

A

Aids

46
Q

genetic mutation resulting in complete lack of immune system.

A

Sever combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIS)

47
Q

lymphocytes not being able to tell if something doesn’t belong to body. Immune system attack it’s own body. Self/non self id breaks down.
Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, etc

A

Autoimmune diseases

48
Q

allergies
Mount immune response to non infectious agents
Different categories of hyper. Based on type and severity of response.
- can be bad for some people..

A

Hypersensitivity

49
Q

uncontrolled growth of cells that fail to differentiate. Faking out other cells.
Resulting mass if cells- tumor
Generated by oncogenes within body’s own DNA.
Tumor cells generated by own DNA, so have “self” antigens.
Tumor cells thus invisible to immune system.

A

Cancer

50
Q

contract hepatitis A. Pretty conserved, if get, get on big antiviral. Get again, can fight off pretty quickly. Bumped into before, I can do it again.

Gaining immunocompetence

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

51
Q

baby receives antibodies from mom thru placenta and breast milk. IgG antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus across placenta, or IgA antibodies are transferred from mom to baby in milk during breast feeding.

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

52
Q

person receives vaccine of an attenuated (changed/weakened) pathogen that stimulates the body to form an antibody.

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

53
Q

an injection of prepared antibody.

A

Artificially acquired passive immunity

54
Q

With age, adult thymus tissue __________. Which leads to ___________ t helper cell populations and a ____________ specific immune response. ________ B cells respond and _________ of t cytotoxic cells. Age can ___________ immune response.

A

Atrophies, decreased, diminished, fewer, fewer, compromised

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (6 decks)

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