Chapter 22

Question 0

A clear to milky extra cellular fluid. It is interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels.

Answer 0

Lymph

Question 1

System of vessels through which clear fluid (lymph) passes. It drains interstitial fluid, transports dietary lipids to the blood, and facilitates the immune responses.

Answer 1

Lymphatic system

Question 2

Too much fluid in blood

Answer 2

Edema

Question 3

Slightly larger than regular capillaries. Have dead ends (branch out) and one way pores (blood flows in, not out). No pressure.

Answer 3

Lymphatic capillaries

Question 4

Lymph fluid flows from the ________ to the __________. Starts as interstitial fluid, then capillaries, then vessels, then nodes.

Answer 4

Periphery (edges) ; center

Question 5

After aggregating through nodes, fluid goes through _______ ________, then to ___________ __________.

Answer 5

Lymphatic ducts; subclavian veins

Question 6

Primary lymph organs are the…..

These are sites where Stem cells divide and become immunocompetent.

Answer 6

Bone marrow and thymus

Question 7

Becoming immunocompetent means

Answer 7

Becoming able of mounting an immune response.

Question 8

Sites where most immune responses occur. (Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils).

Answer 8

Secondary lymphatic organs.

Question 9

This lymphatic organ is composed of T cells. The outer cortex is composed of immature T cells that proliferate and move to the inner medulla as they mature.

Answer 9

Thymus

Question 10

Lymph goes into nodes through __________, then to subscap, trabec, then to the _________ __________, and finally exiting through the _________ ________.

Answer 10

Afferent vessels; medullary sinus, efferent vessels

Question 11

Efferent lymphatic vessels convey _______, ___________, and ____________ out of the node.

Answer 11

Lymph, antibodies, activated T cells.

Question 12

Organ that consists of white pulp and red pulp.

Answer 12

Spleen

Question 13

Pulp in spleen that has lymphocytes and macrophages carrying out immune function.

Answer 13

White pulp

Question 14

Pulp in spleen where platelets are stored and where old red cell recycling takes place.
Half circulatory half lymphatic

Answer 14

Red pulp

Question 15

Type of immune response that is present at birth . It’s nonspecific and non adaptive. Includes internal defenses like phagocytes, natural killer cells (no eat> release missiles), endogenous antimicrobials, complement system (clearly recognize bad), inflammation, fever.

Answer 15

Innate immunity

Question 16

Fever is a ____ _______ response.

Answer 16

Non-specific

Question 17

_______= vasodilation, emigration! repair.
It is redness, pain, heat, swelling. Trying to rid microbes and foreign materials, diluted toxins, and prepare for healing.

Answer 17

Inflammation.

Question 18

Substances that provoke an immune response ad called

Answer 18

Antigens

Question 19

Adapt defenses against specific antigens and maintain memory from the previous encounters

Answer 19

Adaptive immunity

Question 20

Antigens can have multiple antigenic determinants called…..each one is capable of producing immune response.

Answer 20

Epitopes

Question 21

Stage one is adaptive immunity. ________ _________ _________ identify a new antigen.

Answer 21

Antigen presenting cells APCs

Question 22

Cell markers that identify self from non-self

Answer 22

MHC molecules

Question 23

Stage 2 in adaptive immunity. Destroys invader/isolates antigen. Presents the antigen to ________

Answer 23

Helper T cell

Question 24

Stage 3 of adaptive immunity. Once T cells latch on to the antigen, it actives. Gets whole system's attention. Activated T cells activate ___________

Answer 24

T Cytotoxic cells and B cells

Question 25

Cell mediated immunity

Answer 25

T cytotoxic cells

Question 26

Antibody mediated immunity

Answer 26

B cells

Question 27

Stage 4 of adaptive immunity. Activated cytotoxic T cells directly attack ________________

Answer 27

Intracellular pathogens and some cancer cells

Question 28

These cells can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more active T cells and more _______ helper T cells.

Answer 28

Memory helper T cells

Question 29

These cells transform into antibody making plasma cells.

Answer 29

B cells

Question 30

Composed of 4 peptide chains. Have a Y shape. The stem is similar for each class. The ______ _______ gives an __________ it's specificity.

Answer 30

Antibody, variable region (antigen-binding region)

Question 31

Antibodies belong to a group of glycoproteins called _______, so th ar also called _______________

Answer 31

Globulins, immunoglobulins

Question 32

This inserts into the plasma membrane of the target cell in adaptive immunity and creates channels in th membrane. Protein released by cytotoxic T cell.

Answer 32

Perforin

Question 33

Protein released by cytotoxic T cell granules that enters through the channels and destroys the microbes by creating holes in their plasma membranes.

Answer 33

Granulysin

Question 34

_________ are good for neutralizing a bacterial or viral antibody, or a toxin agglutination and precipitation.

Answer 34

Antibodies

Question 35

________ are good for enhancing phagocytosis which is called ___________

Answer 35

Antibodies, opsonization

Question 36

_________ activate complement pathway

Answer 36

Antibodies

Question 37

A series of blood proteins that work with antibodies. Encourages vasodilation and inflammation, antigen opsonization, and antigen destruction.

Answer 37

Complement system

Question 38

Class if antibody. A monomer with two antigen binding sites. Most common. 80% of total antibody. Only class able to cross the placenta. Provides for long term immunity.

Answer 38

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Question 39

a pentamer with ten antigen binding sites. Great activator of complement, but has a shorties response. The first antibody to appear in an immune response.

Answer 39

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Question 40

a dimer with 4 antigen binding sites Present in breast milk. Prevelant in body secretions like sweat, tears, saliva, breast milk and gastrointestinal fluids. Cannot synthesize.

Answer 40

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Question 41

a monomer involved in allergic reactions. | Comprises less than .1% of antibodies.

Answer 41

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Question 42

a monomer with a wide array of functions. Some of which have a puzzle since it's discovery in 1944.

Answer 42

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

Question 43

injected with antigen. First responses remembers. Memory cells kick into activation when previous antigen enters body. Antibody titers are much hIgher and faster on the second response.

Answer 43

Immunological memory

Question 44

immune response is compromised- can't produce antibodies as quickly as you used to....etc, antigens can take control.

Answer 44

Immunodeficiency

Question 45

caused by HIV infection HIV destroys T4 cells/ they control the activity of t reg cells- suppress immune system. Thus immunodeficiency. Results in enhanced activity of t reg cells.

Answer 45

Aids

Question 46

genetic mutation resulting in complete lack of immune system.

Answer 46

Sever combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIS)

Question 47

lymphocytes not being able to tell if something doesn't belong to body. Immune system attack it's own body. Self/non self id breaks down. Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, etc

Answer 47

Autoimmune diseases

Question 48

allergies Mount immune response to non infectious agents Different categories of hyper. Based on type and severity of response. - can be bad for some people..

Answer 48

Hypersensitivity

Question 49

uncontrolled growth of cells that fail to differentiate. Faking out other cells. Resulting mass if cells- tumor Generated by oncogenes within body's own DNA. Tumor cells generated by own DNA, so have "self" antigens. Tumor cells thus invisible to immune system.

Answer 49

Cancer

Question 50

contract hepatitis A. Pretty conserved, if get, get on big antiviral. Get again, can fight off pretty quickly. Bumped into before, I can do it again. Gaining immunocompetence

Answer 50

Naturally acquired active immunity

Question 51

baby receives antibodies from mom thru placenta and breast milk. IgG antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus across placenta, or IgA antibodies are transferred from mom to baby in milk during breast feeding.

Answer 51

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 52

person receives vaccine of an attenuated (changed/weakened) pathogen that stimulates the body to form an antibody.

Answer 52

Artificially acquired active immunity

Question 53

an injection of prepared antibody.

Answer 53

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 54

With age, adult thymus tissue __________. Which leads to ___________ t helper cell populations and a ____________ specific immune response. ________ B cells respond and _________ of t cytotoxic cells. Age can ___________ immune response.

Answer 54

Atrophies, decreased, diminished, fewer, fewer, compromised