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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Their thin walls allow the exchange of substances between the blood and body tissues.

A

Capillaries

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3
Q

Small veins that are formed when groups of capillaries within a tissue reunite.

A

Venules

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4
Q

Medium sized arteries divide into small arteries, which in turn divide into smaller ____________

A

Arterioles

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5
Q

Blood vessels that convey blood from the tissues back to the heart.

A

Veins

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6
Q

Venules merge to form _______

A

Veins

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7
Q

Tunic found in all blood vessels that is in direct contact with the blood As it flows through lumen.

A

Tunica interna (intima)

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8
Q

The outer covering of a blood vessel. Consists of elastin and collagen fibers. Stretchy and springy.

A

Tunica externa

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9
Q

Tunica externa contains tiny blood vessels, especially in larger blood vessels, that supply blood to the tissues of the vessel wall. They are called ______ ________.

A

Vasa vasorum

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12
Q

Means, interior opening

A

Lumen

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13
Q

Vessels that get bigger than 1cm in diameter. Like a garden hose in body. Send blood away from heart.

A

Arteries

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14
Q

This provides collateral circulation, ex. Blockage in middle colic artery, the right colic artery is still supplying.

A

Anastomosis

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15
Q

These vessels help propel blood onward while the ventricles are relaxing.

A

Elastic arteries

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16
Q

An increase in sympathetic stimulation typically stims the smooth muscle cells in tunica media to contract. This squeezes the vessel wall and narrows the lumen. Such a decrease in the diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel is called _____________

A

Vasoconstriction

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17
Q

The flow of blood from a metarteriole through capillaries and into a post capillary venule

A

Microcirculation

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18
Q

Medium sized vessels that continue to branch and ultimately distribute blood to each of the various organs.

A

Muscular, distributing arteries.

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19
Q

As arterioles enter a tissue, they branch into numerous tiny vessels called __________

A

Capillaries

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20
Q

When sympathies stimulation decreases, smooth muscle cells in tunica media relax. Increase in lumen diameter is called ___________

A

Vasodilation

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21
Q

These vessels have the greatest influence on local blood flow and on overall BP. “Primary adjustable hose nosel.”

A

Arterioles

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22
Q

The brachial and radial arteries are these type of arteries

A

Distributing

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23
Q

In most vessels, this tunic is relatively thick, and is comprised of mainly smooth muscle cells and lots of elastic fibers. It extends circularly around the lumen like a ring on a finger. It regulates the diameter of the lumen (blood vessel). Controls BP.

A

Tunica media

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24
Q

Due to their plentiful elastic fibers, arteries normally have ___________, which means their walls stretch easily without tearing in response to a small increase in pressure.

A

High compliance

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25
Q

A union of vessels supplying blood to he same body tissue.

A

Anastomosis

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27
Q

Network of 10-100 capillaries that arises from a single metarteriole.

A

Capillary bed

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28
Q

An intermittent alternation of relaxation and contraction of the smooth muscle cells of metarterioles and precapillary sphincters. Happens 5 to 10 times per minute.

A

Vasomotion

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29
Q

These vessels deliver blood to capillaries and connect major arteries to capillaries.

A

Arterioles

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30
Q

Venule that receives blood from a capillary

A

Postcapillary venule.

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31
Q

The distal end of a metarteriole that has no smooth muscle and resembles capillary. Provides a direct route for blood from an arteriole to a venule, thus bypassing capillaries.

A

Thoroughfare channel

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32
Q

The terminal end of an arteriole that tapers toward the capillary junction.

A

Metarteriole

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33
Q

Largest arteries in the body

A

Elastic arteries

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34
Q

Vessels whose function is the exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid.

A

Capillaries (exchange vessels)

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35
Q

At the metarteriole-capillary junction, the distal most muscle cell forms this thing…. Which monitors the blood blow into the capillary

A

Precapillary sphincter

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36
Q

When the precapillary sphincters relax and are opened, blood flows into the

A

Capillaries

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37
Q

When the sphincters contract, blood flow through the capillaries _____________

A

Stops, or decreases.

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38
Q

The aorta, pulmonary trunk, and branches of th aorta are called ___________

A

Elastic arteries

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39
Q

Determine how much fluid leaves the arterial end and now much is reabsorbed at the venous end.

A

Hydrostatic and osmotic forces (starling forces)

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40
Q

Odd ball vessels. They don’t have tunics, and they have a single endothelial cell layer. They firm an extensive network, about 20 billion in number, if shirt, branched, interconnecting vessels that course among the individual cells in the body.

A

Capillaries

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41
Q

Not many people survive a blowout of an ________________

A

Elastic (conducting) artery

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42
Q

The smallest venules 10um - 50um in diameter. Significant sites of exchange of nutrients and wastes and WBC emigration, and for this reason form part of the microcirculatory exchange unit along with the capillaries.

A

Postcapillary venules.

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43
Q

Thin walled vessels, less muscle and elastic tissue. Operate aT much lower pressures.

A

Veins

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44
Q

Capillaries that are found in the kidneys, villi of small intestines, endocrine glands. They are medium leaky. Looks like bunches of hole punches.

A

Fenestrated (window; small pores) capillaries

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45
Q

Larger vein pressure

A

1-2 mmHg

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46
Q

From capillary to the interstitial fluid

A

Filtration

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47
Q

Low intravenous pressure valves keep blood flowing in ……….

A

One direction

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48
Q

From the interstitial fluid to the capillary

A

Reabsorption

49
Q

Largest portion of blood volume at rest, about 64%, is in the

A

Systemic veins and venules

50
Q

Hold about 13% of blood volume

A

Systemic arteries and arterioles.

51
Q

Wider and more winding among the capillaries. Looks like they got shot with a shotgun. Very porous (leaky) channels through which blood can percolate. In liver and spleen.

A

Sinusoids

52
Q

These vessels drain the capillary blood and. Elgin the return flow of blood back toward the heart.

A

Venules

53
Q

Venues that initially receive blood from capillaries

A

Postcapillary venules

54
Q

80% of capillaries are this kind. Most common. Only interrupted by intercellular clefts, which are gaps between neighboring endothelial cells. Found in CNS, lungs, skin, muscle tissue.

A

Continuous capillaries

57
Q

Arteriole pressure

A

35mmHg

58
Q

High pressure in veins causes veins to be incompetent……this is called

A

Varicose veins

59
Q

Venule pressure.

A

16mmHg

60
Q

_________ function as blood reservoirs from which blood can be diverted quickly if the need arises.

A

Systemic veins and venules

61
Q

The movement of substances between blood and interstitial fluid. Mission of cardiovascular system is to keep blood flowing through capillaries to allow this….

A

Capillary exchange

62
Q

Most important method of capillary exchange. Because O2 and nutrients normally are present in higher concentrations in the blood, they ________ down their concentration gradients into interstitial fluid and then to body cells. CO2 and other wastes released by body cells are present in higher concentrations in interstitial fluid, so they _______ into blood.

A

Diffusion

63
Q

Pressure that promotes filtration. It’s generated by the heart and decreases from 35 to 16 from the arterial end to the venous end of capillary.

A

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (BHP)

64
Q

This pressure promotes filtration. It is constant at about 1 mmHg. It “pulls” fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid.

A

Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure (IFOP)

65
Q

This pressure promotes reabsorption. It is due to plasma proteins too large to leave capillary.. The effect is to “pull” fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries. Averages 36mmHg on both ends.

A

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)

66
Q

Pressure that promotes reabsorption. It’s normally close to zero. It “pushes” fluid from interstitial spaces back into capillaries. If edema..this is high.

A

Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (IFHP)

67
Q

Passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles In a fluid move together In The same direction.

A

Bulk flow

68
Q

Determines whether the volumes of blood and intestinal fluid remain steady or change.

A

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

69
Q

The volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed is _________ than the volume filtered.

A

Less than or equal to.

70
Q

Fluid not reabsorbed (abt 3L a day) enters the ______ ______ to return to blood.

A

Lymphatic vessels

71
Q

The volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the systemic veins, occurs due to the pressure generated by the contractions of the left ventricle.

A

Venous return

72
Q

In _______ _______, blood volume returning must equal volume leaving. It’s aided by heart pressure, venous valves, skeletal muscle pumping, and breathing.

A

Venous return

73
Q

The amount of blood overtime the organs actually see. It carries O2 and nutrients

A

Blood flow

74
Q

If one has too many veins/venules for the amount of blood in the body.

A

Venous reserve

75
Q

Blood flow increases by

A

Increasing blood pressure and decreasing systemic vascular resistance. Both usually happen

76
Q

Vascular resistance (the opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of the blood vessels) depends on

A

Size of vessel lumen, blood viscosity, and the total blood vessel length.

77
Q

Sum of the impediments to blood flow.

A

Resistance

78
Q

The higher the resistance, the _______ the flow

A

Lower

79
Q

Viscosity of blood is how _______ it is.

A

THICK

80
Q

The velocity of blood ________ as it goes from aorta to arteries to arterioles to capillaries and __________ as it returns to the heart.

A

Decreases; increases

81
Q

The arch of the aorta and the carotid sinus contain

A

Baroreceptors receptors.

82
Q

Pressure sensitive sensory receptors that monitor stretching. They send impulses to the cardiovascular center to help regulate blood pressure.

A

Baroreceptors

83
Q

Small widenings of the right and left internal carotid arteries just above the point where they branch from the common carotid arteries. BP stretches the walls of this guy. Which in turn stimulates the baroreceptors.

A

Carotid sinuses

84
Q

Located in medulla oblongata, it helps to regulate heart rate and stroke volume.

A

Cardiovascular center (CV)

85
Q

Nerve impulses from aortic baroreceptors reach the CV via sensory axons of the ________

A

Vagus nerves

86
Q

Located in carotid bodies and aortic bodies. Monitor the chemical composition of blood. They detect changes in blood level of O2, CO2, and H.

A

Chemoreceptors

87
Q

Low O2

A

Hypoxia

88
Q

High CO2

A

Hypercapnia

89
Q

High H

A

Acidosis

90
Q

In response to hypoxia, acidosis, and hypercapnia, __________ send signals to cv centers. CV centers increase sympathetic stim increasing heart rate and respiratory rate, and vasoconstriction the vessels (arterioles, veins) to increase BP.

A

Chemoreceptors

91
Q

In this system, kidneys release renin when blood volume or flow decreases. Renin is converted into angiotensin II which raises BP by vasoconstricting and by stimulating the secretion of aldosterone.

A

RAA - renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Hormone autoregulation

92
Q

In response to sympathetic stim, the adrenal medulla releases _________ and __________ that increase cardiac output by increasing the rate and force of heart contractions.

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

93
Q

_______ acts on kidneys to make more fluid to increase volume of blood.

A

Aldosterone

94
Q

_________ is released In response to dehydration or decreased blood volume.

A

Anti diuretic hormone ADH

95
Q

Released by cells in the atria of the heart. It lowers blood pressure by causing vasodilation (lower BP) and by promoting the loss of salt and water in the urine, which reduces blood volume (stim peeing).

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP

96
Q

In response to hypoxia or acidosis, _________ blood vessel walls dilate.

A

Systemic

97
Q

In response to hypoxia or acidosis, ________ blood vessels constrict to ensure that bf is diverted to better ventilated areas of the lung.

A

Pulmonary

98
Q

This is measured by checking pulse. Sounds first occur at systolic blood pressure, thn faint at diastolic. Dias is last sound heard.

A

Peripheral circulation

99
Q

Most common disorder affecting cardiovascular system. It’s a symptom, but it can indicate hard vessels, heart problem-(too much pressure all the time,enlarged heart), kidney disease (Swiss cheesy capillaries), stroke- thrombi.

A

Hypertension- abnormally high BP.

100
Q

Normal BP.

A

Less than 120 sys and less than 80 dias. MmHg

101
Q

Prehypertension pressure

A

120-139 sys or 80-89 dias

102
Q

Stage one hypertension pressure

A

140-169 sys or 90-99 dias.

103
Q

Stage two hypertension pressure

A

Greater than 160 sys or greater than 100 dias.

104
Q

Pressure too low to allow sufficient blood flow. Critical organs can go into shock.

A

Hypotension

105
Q

Many people, especially _____________, have very low BP! yet experience no symptoms of hypotension. They aren’t hypotensive, and in fact they are probably very healthy!

A

Young, thin women.

106
Q

Number one killer in emergency room case conditions.

A

Shock

107
Q

Shock in which there is decreased blood volume.

A

Hypovolemic shock

108
Q

Shock due to poor heart function

A

Cardiogenic shock

109
Q

Shock due to obstruction of blood flow

A

Obstructive shock

110
Q

Shock due to excess vasodilation (massive allergy anaphylaxis) or sepsis).

A

Vascular shock.

111
Q

In us this shock causes more than 100,000 deaths a year.

A

Septic shock

112
Q

This circulation carries venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs and spleen to the liver. As it percolates through liver sinusoids, hepatocytes extract and add sugars, fats, and proteins.

A

Portal circulation

113
Q

A vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another is called a

A

Portal vein

114
Q

This circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to th alveoli within the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the air sacs to the left atrium.

A

Pulmonary circulation.

115
Q

Only in fetus. Lungs, kidneys, and GI tract are non functional. It gets O2 and nutrients and link area wastes through the placenta. No maternal/fetal mixing.

A

Fetal circulation

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (6 decks)

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