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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

0
Q

Deeper, Thinner, more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart. It’s a shock absorber
Has an outer parietal and inner visceral layer with lubricating serous fluid in between as the heart moves.

A

Serous pericardium

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1
Q

Middle layer of heart wall made of cardiac muscle. 95% of heart wall.

A

Myocardium

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3
Q

Innermost layer of heart wall. Thin layer made of simple squamous epithelium.

A

Endocardium

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5
Q

Deoxygenated blood coming back from the body gets dumped into three veins: 2 vena cavae and coronary sinus. -right side ejects to lungs.

A

Pulmonary circuit

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6
Q

Membrane that surrounds and protects the heart. Has 2 main parts- fibrous and serous.

A

Pericardium

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7
Q

More of these appear In the heart if you workout a lot. Less appear if you don’t.

A

Coronary vessels.

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8
Q

External Layer of heart wall made of visceral serous pericardium.

A

Epicardium

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9
Q

Coronary veins collect into the ________ _________. Then empties into the ____________.

A

Coronary sinus; right atrium

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10
Q

The ends of cardiac muscle fibers connect to neighboring fibers by irregular transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma called…..
Contain desmosomes and gap junctions

A

Intercalated discs

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11
Q

Oxygenated blood coming back from the lungs gets dumped into the pulmonary veins. Left side ejects blood to body.

A

Systemic circuit

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12
Q

Contain coronary blood vessels

A

Sulci

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13
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers are _______ and ____ circular in the transverse section than skeletal muscle

A

Shorter; less

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14
Q

Set the rhythm of electrical excitation that causes contraction of the heart.

A

Pacemaker

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15
Q

Duct that attaches the aortic arch to the pulmonary trunk.

A

Ductus arteriosus.

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16
Q

Cardiac excitation normally begins in the ________

A

Sinoatrial node

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18
Q

Hold the fibers in intercalated discs together

A

Desmosomes

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19
Q

Groups of self-excitable cells spontaneously depolarize at different rates. If one group fires, all others in the area also depolarize.

A

Autorhythmicity

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21
Q

In cardiac conduction, the _________ depolarizes. Sends signal to __________. The __________ slows the signal so that ______________. Sends signal to ____________ to the _____ and _______ bundle ________ to the __________. Then…… Boom. Contraction

A

SA node, AV node, AV node, atrium can fill the ventricles, AV bundle, left, right, branches, purkinje fibers.

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22
Q

Decreases HR

A

ACh

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23
Q

These muscle fibers act as pacemakers and form the cardiac conduction system.

A

Autorhythmic fibers

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24
Q

Can alter rate and force of the heart contraction- make beat faster
Thus regulate BP, flow rate, volume required by body

A

ANS innervation

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25
Q

Increases HR- stress, excitement

A

Norepinephrine (adrenaline)

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26
Q

Decides if pressure is too high or too low.
Sensory input from baroreceptors in carotid body and in the arch of the aorta.
Response: thru sympathetic fibers (spinal cord- thoracic sympathetic ganglia-heart SA node).

A

Cardioacceleratory center of medulla

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27
Q

Unlike Autorhythmic fibers, ______ _________ have a stable Resting membrane potential of -90 mV

A

Contractile fibers

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28
Q

Opening and closing Na+ and K+ channels

A

AP propagation

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29
Q

Maintained contraction. Cannot occur in cardiac muscle. If it did, blood flow would cease.

A

Tetanus

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30
Q

Network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that provide a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart.

A

Cardiac conduction system

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31
Q

A recording of the electrical changes on the surface of the body resulting from the depolarization and repolarization of the myocardium. By measuring this, we can quantify and correlate electrically the mechanical activities of the heart.

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

32
Q

ECG recording can differentiate from _______ to _________.

A

Normal; abnormal

33
Q

Rapid depolarization due to Na+ inflow when voltage-gated fast Na+ channels open

A

Phase 1 of AP

34
Q

Sensory input : baroreceptors In Carotid body and In The arch of the aorta
Response: parasympathetic fibers In CN X, vagus nerve, decease HR and strength of contraction.

A

Cardioinhibitory center of the medulla.

36
Q

Pulse in the neck is produced by

A

Left ventricle.

37
Q

Increases contraction force by enhancing the movement of Ca into the cytosol.

A

Epinephrine, SNS

38
Q

Wave in norm ECG that represents rapid ventricular depolarization.

A

QRS wave

39
Q

Measured during left ventricular diastole when the valve is closed.

A

Diastolic BP

40
Q

Normal BP. Females often 8-10 mmHg lower than men.

A

120 mm Hg systolic over 80 mmHg diastolic

41
Q

Plateau (maintained depolarization) due to Ca inflow when voltage gated slow Ca channels open and K outflow when some K channels open.

A

2nd phase of AP

43
Q

Depolarization due to closure of Ca channels K outflow when additional voltage gated K channels open.

A

3rd phase of AP

44
Q

Left ventricular systole when aortic valve is open.

A

Systolic BP

45
Q

Allow muscle action potentials to conduct from one muscle fiber to its neighbors. They allow the entire myocardium of the atria or the ventricles to contract as a single, coordinated unit.

A

Gap junctions

46
Q

Region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from first rib to diaphragm, and between lungs.

A

Mediastinum

47
Q

Indicate bad conduction pathways; enlarged heart- damaged regions- how how the beats go.

A

Abnormal ECG

48
Q

Single number BP index. Roughly 1/3 of the way between diastolic and systolic BPs
1/3(sys-Dias)

A

Mean arterial pressure MAP

49
Q

Ventricular repolarization causes

A

ventricular diastole

50
Q

Includes all events associated with one heartbeat.

A

Cardiac cycle

51
Q

The atria are contracting and the ventricles are relaxed.

A

Atrial systole

52
Q

Ventricles are contracting and the atria are relaxed in atrial diastole.

A

Ventricular systole

53
Q

Listening to heart sounds

A

Auscultation

54
Q

Used to listen to heart sounds

A

Stethoscope

55
Q

Difference between the CO at rest and the max CO the heart can generate

A

Cardiac reserve

56
Q

Ischemia (vessel that’s slightly clogged) of the coronary circulation

Pain
Enlarged heart
CO decreases

A

Angina

57
Q

The period when the SL valves are open

A

Ventricular ejection

58
Q

Narrow heart valves

A

Valvular stenosis (murmurs)

59
Q

The more the heart is stretched before contraction, he more forcefully it will contract

A

Frank starling law of the heart

60
Q

Wave in norm ECG that represents ventricular repolarization.

A

T wave

61
Q

2nd factor that regulates stroke volume: the forcefulness of contraction if individual ventricular muscle fibers

A

Contractility

62
Q

Time it takes to empty the ventricles before they repolarize.

A

S-T segment

64
Q

Wave in a normal ECG that represents atrial depolarization.

A

P-wave

65
Q

Stroke volume x HR =

A

Cardiac output

66
Q

3rd factor in regulating stroke volume: pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occur.

A

Afterload

67
Q

Interval in norm ECG that represents the time it takes the atrial kick to fill ventricles.

A

P-Q interval

68
Q

Node malfunction

A 
Arrhythmias
-heart flutter (high HR, bad SA node)
-fibrillation (bad conduction pathway)
      Need pacemaker to make rhythm.
      No o2 is being pumped to body
69
Q

Hole in arterial wall

A

Septal defect

70
Q

Avg cardiac reserve is _____ times resting value

A

4-5

71
Q

Sound from closure of SL valves at. Beginning of ventricular diastole.

A

Dupp

72
Q

First factor of stroke volume: the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts

A

Preload

74
Q

Sound that is louder and a bit longer than second sound. Blood turbulence from closure of AV valves after ventricular systole begins.

A

Lubb

75
Q

Period where cell cannot respond to another stimulus. Lasts longer than contraction. Another contraction can’t begin until relaxation is well under way.

A

Refractory period

80
Q

When ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure, the AV valves open, and ___________ begins.

A

Ventricular filling

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (6 decks)

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