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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

0
Q

Paracrine hormones

A

Local Hormones that act on neighboring cells.

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1
Q

Autocrine hormones

A

Secreted by and bind to the same cell.

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2
Q

The adrenal cortex is composed of modified sympathetic ganglia which secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine while the adrenal medulla is subdivided into zones each of which secretes a different group of hormones. True or false

A

False! Other way around

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3
Q

Secretes steroid hormones. It’s subdivided into three parts. One secretes aldosterone, one cortisol, and one androgens.

A

Adrenal cortex

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4
Q

Major mineralocorticoid. Regulates homeostasis of two mineral ions– Na+ and K+. It helps adjust blood pressure and blood volume.

A

Aldosterone

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5
Q

Steroid hormones that have masculinizing effects. Sex drive for women- kinda like Viagra for men. Facial hair and muscle mass for men.

A

Androgens

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6
Q

Regulate metabolism and resistance to stress. It’s a glucocorticoid!

A

Cortisol

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7
Q

Modified sympathetic ganglion of the ANS.

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine from chromaffin cells.

A

Adrenal medulla

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8
Q

Which zone in adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids?

A

Zona glomerulosa

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9
Q

Produced in zona fasciculata, influence protein and fat metabolism, and promote vasoconstriction.

A

Glucocorticoids

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10
Q

Chemical that acts as neurotransmitter in some locations and hormone In others?

A

Norepinephrine

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11
Q

Treat chronic inflammation like rheumatism?

A

Glucocorticoids

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12
Q

Stimulates the release of cortisol

A

ACTH- adrenocorticotropin hormone

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13
Q

Endocrine and exocrine gland posterior/inferior to stomach

A

Pancreas

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14
Q

Cluster of endocrine tissue surrounded by acini

A

Pancreatic islet

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15
Q

Digestive exocrine tissue

A

Acini

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16
Q

Hormone secreting cells in pancreatic islet that secrete glucagon

A

Alpha cells

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17
Q

Pancreatic islet cell that secretes insulin

A

Beta cell

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18
Q

Increases blood glucose

A

Glucagon

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19
Q

Anabolic (building) hormone that promotes storage of nutrients in body tissues.

A

Insulin

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20
Q

Counter- regulatory hormones

A

Glucagon and insulin

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21
Q

Pancreatic cells that secrete somatostatin

A

Delta cells

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22
Q

Pancreatic cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide

A

F cells

23
Q

Small endocrine gland. Part of epithalamus.

Secretes melatonin.

A

Pineal gland

24
Q

Maintains seasonal and daily cycles. More is secreted in darkness-> promotes sleepiness.

A

Melatonin

25
Q

Part of lymphatic and endocrine systems. Secretes thymosin and other hormones. Has a role in immunity.

A

Thymus

26
Q

Promote the maturation of T cells, which are part of immune response.

A

Thymosin

27
Q

Stress response that occurs in three stages: 1)alarm reaction (2) resistance reaction (3) exhaustion

A

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

28
Q

First reaction of GAS that’s immediate and brief
. SNS activation
Stimulation of adrenal medulla

A

Alarm reaction

29
Q

2nd reaction of GAS that has long term coping with stress.

A. Increased metabolic rate due to cortisol, hGH, and Thyroxine.

A

Resistance reaction

30
Q

3rd reaction of GAS that is due to prolonged stress.
A. Depletion of body’s resources
B. Immune system compromised- increased susceptibility to infection.

A

Exhaustion

31
Q

If the thyroid was cut out of a mouse, T3 and T4 levels would

A

Decrease

32
Q

2 substances necessary for the synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine

A

Iodine and tyrosine

33
Q

Thyroid hormones ______ metabolic rate

A

Increase

34
Q

Contains hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and stores and releases hormones

A

Posterior pituitary

35
Q

Produces and releases hormones

A

Anterior pituitary

36
Q

Control the release and suppression of hormones from the anterior pituitary.

A

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

37
Q

Requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion

A

Prolactin

38
Q

Target cells for hypothalamic releasing hormones are in the

A

Anterior pituitary

39
Q

Tropic hormones are secreted by the

A

Anterior pituitary

40
Q

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

41
Q

Stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein breakdown

A

Human growth hormone

42
Q

Major integrating link between nervous and endocrine systems

A

Hypothalamus

43
Q

Most abundant anterior pituitary hormone

A

Human growth hormone

44
Q

Abnormally high levels of this leads to hyperglycemia

A

Human growth hormone

45
Q

Posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

46
Q

Low secretion of ADH leads to

A

Diabetes insipidis

47
Q

3 types of signals that control hormone secretion are

A

Nervous system signals, chemical changes in the blood, and other hormones

48
Q

A “second messenger” for hormone response is

A

“Cyclic” cAMP

49
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Are Lipid soluble, can act on DNA level, and work through intracellular receptors

50
Q

Upon entering the blood, steroid and thyroid hormones

A

Attach to specific transport proteins.

51
Q

Most are steroid hormones. They bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of cell.

A

Lipid soluble hormones

52
Q

Bind to receptors on the surface of the cell.
Easy to transport in watery blood plasma.
Made of proteins and amino acids
Peptide and protein hormones are amino acid polymers

A

Water soluble hormones

53
Q

Hyper secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.
Rounded moon face
Buffalo hump on back

A

Cushing’s syndrome

54
Q

Too little glucocorticoids and aldosterone.

Muscle weakness, lethargy, hypoglycemia.

A

Addison’s disease

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (6 decks)

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