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A&P Semester 2 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

Ingestion

A

taking food in

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2
Q

Mobility

A

movement/churning of food

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3
Q

Types of mobility

A

peristalsis, segmentation, mixing

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4
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

physical separation of bigger pieces into smaller pieces, chew food to form bolus

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5
Q

Chemical digestion

A

involved enzymes, taking macromolecules into monomers

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6
Q

Absorption

A

after digestion into blood or lymph

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7
Q

Alimentary canal

A

esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine –> anus

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8
Q

What do the serous membranes around the digestive system do

A

allow the digestive system to move in place

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9
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

forms a wall of abdominal and pelvic cavities

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10
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

around organ walls

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11
Q

Mesentaries

A

serous membranes that connect the small intestine to the wall, in the middle of the gut

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12
Q

Omenta

A

greater hangs off stomach, lesser is between the stomach and the liver

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13
Q

Vestibule

A

place between lips and teeth

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14
Q

Bony/hard palate

A

made of palatine process of maxillary bones in front and palatine bones in back

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15
Q

Soft palate

A

made of connective tissue, muscle, and stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Uvula

A

helps to guard the airway, excess tissue from when mouth was formed

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17
Q

Palatoglossal arch

A

anterior, form soft palate to tongue

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18
Q

Palatopharyngeal arch

A

posterior, forms back towards pharynx to throat from soft palate

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19
Q

What is the tongue made of

A

interwoven skeletal muscle and fibrous connective tissue

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20
Q

How many types of papillae are there

A

4, filiform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate

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21
Q

filiform papillae

A

main papillae, tend to be white, pointed, seen all over the tongue, give friction

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22
Q

fungiform papillae

A

round little dots, appear red, scattered around anterior tongue

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23
Q

foliate papillae

A

on side of tongue

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24
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

form v-shape on posterior tongue, circles with deep grooves

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25
lingual frenulum
connection between tongue and floor of mouth, connective tissue, tightness causes speaking problems
26
Where are taste buds found
fungiform, foliate, circumvallate
27
Where are non-discrete/intrinsic salivary glands
found all over
28
What/where are discrete/extrinsic salivary glands
3 big sets of glands on both sides of the face Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
29
Parotid glands
largest, secretes serous saliva, ducts secrete at roof of mouth around 2nd molar
30
Submandibular glands
secretes serous and mucous saliva, ducts secrete at floor of mouth through sublingual gland next to lingual frenulum
31
Sublingual gland
secretes mucous saliva, many ducts at floor of mouth, many tiny little glands
32
Deciduous teeth
baby teeth, 6 months to 2 years, full set has 20 teeth
33
Permanent teeth
adults teeth, 7 years to 25 years, full set has 32 teeth (not everyone has a full set)
34
Incisors
to cut, 4 top, 4 bottom
35
Canine
to tear, 2 top, 2 bottom
36
Premolars
grind food, 4 top, 4 bottom
37
Molars
grind food, 6 top, 6 bottom
38
Dentin
laid down by adontoblasts, living tissue, form bulk of the tooth
39
Enamel
covers dentin, formed by anemoblasts, under gingiva, hardest substance
40
Cementum
covers the root outside of dentin, formed by cementoblasts, living tissue
41
Periodontal ligament
collagen attaching tooth to bone
42
Pulp cavity
contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels that serve the tooth
43
Root canal
canal for arteries, veins, substances in pulp cavity to run through, contains apical foramen
44
What does saliva contain for chemical digestion
water, ions, mucus (to lubricate bolus)
45
Amylase
enzyme for starch breakdown into sugar
46
Lysoenzyme
enzyme in saliva to breakdown bacteria and reduce bacteria in mouth
47
Secretory antibodies
antibacterial secretions
48
Salivary reflex
stimulates salivary nuclei in the brainstem to produce saliva
49
Swallowing phases
buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal
50
Buccal phase
move bolus to pharynx, voluntary
51
Pharyngeal phase
involuntary, larynx: elevates to cause epiglottis to flop over to protect the airway, pharynx: constricts, esophagus: opens
52
Esophageal phase
bolus in esophagus moved down through paristalsis
53
How long is the esophagus
1 foot long
54
Esophageal specializations
stratified squamous epithelium, mix of skeletal and smooth muscle (upper: skeletal, middle: both, lower: smooth), adventitia
55
Adventitia
connective tissue forming a watery membrane, on the outside
56
Basic functions of the stomach
store food then slowly release to the small intestine, chemically digest protein first, mix good with stomach juice to form chyme
57
Greater curvature
contains greater omentum
58
Lesser curvature
contains lesser omentum, connects the stomach to the liver
59
Cardia
where the esophagus enters
60
What are sphincters made of
bands of smooth muscle
61
Stomach wall
mucosa with rugal folds with gastric glands that secrete cells
62
What cells does the stomach wall secrete
mucous, chief/zygomatic, parietal/oxyntic, entero-endocrine
63
Mucous cells
prevent stomach from digesting itself
64
Chief/zygomatic cells
produce enzymes, inactive form is pepsinogen
65
Parietal/oxyntic cells
secrete hydrochloric acid
66
How does pepsinogen change into the active form of pepsin
through hydrochloric acid
67
Entero-endocrine cells
secrete hormones for digestions
68
Chemical digestion in the stomach
pepsinogen --> pepsin --> polypeptides through proteins
69
Cephalic phase
brain gets stomach ready for food, stimulates stomach, stimulates by thought/taste/smell/sight of food, stomach activity innervated by the vagus nerve
70
Gastric phase
stimulates stomach, stimulated by food in the stomach, stretch induces vagus nerve, stimulates stomach movement and secretion, gastrin stimulates stomach activity, histamine stimulates acid production
71
Intestinal phase
presence of chyme, vagus nerve activity, hormones from small intestine cause stomach activity to be inhibited, inhibits stomach (negative feedback loop)
72
Small intestine, small bowel
general function of chemical digestion and absorption of food
73
Duodenum
1 foot long, retroperitoneal, wraps around head of the pancreas, contains glands that secrete mucous to protect from the acidic chyme coming out of the stomach
74
Jejunum
8 feet long, empties after death, no glands or patches
75
Ileum
12 feet long, peyer's patches: mucosa associated lymphatic tissue, large groups of lymphocytes
76
3 parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
77
small intestinal wall
adapted for digestion by increasing surface area, 21 feet long
78
plicae circulares
circular folds used to increase surface area
79
Villi
contain intestinal glands/crypts: secretory glands between villi
80
Ileocecal valve
sphincter between ileum and large intestine
81
Pancreas function
majority of digestive enzymes and hormones
82
Pancreatic juice
base: sodium bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acids
83
Falciform ligament
connects liver to diaphragm and abdominal wall

A&P Semester 2 (7 decks)

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