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A&P Semester 2 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

Ingestion

A

taking food in

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2
Q

Mobility

A

movement/churning of food

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3
Q

Types of mobility

A

peristalsis, segmentation, mixing

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4
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

physical separation of bigger pieces into smaller pieces, chew food to form bolus

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5
Q

Chemical digestion

A

involved enzymes, taking macromolecules into monomers

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6
Q

Absorption

A

after digestion into blood or lymph

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7
Q

Alimentary canal

A

esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine –> anus

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8
Q

What do the serous membranes around the digestive system do

A

allow the digestive system to move in place

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9
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

forms a wall of abdominal and pelvic cavities

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10
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

around organ walls

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11
Q

Mesentaries

A

serous membranes that connect the small intestine to the wall, in the middle of the gut

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12
Q

Omenta

A

greater hangs off stomach, lesser is between the stomach and the liver

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13
Q

Vestibule

A

place between lips and teeth

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14
Q

Bony/hard palate

A

made of palatine process of maxillary bones in front and palatine bones in back

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15
Q

Soft palate

A

made of connective tissue, muscle, and stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Uvula

A

helps to guard the airway, excess tissue from when mouth was formed

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17
Q

Palatoglossal arch

A

anterior, form soft palate to tongue

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18
Q

Palatopharyngeal arch

A

posterior, forms back towards pharynx to throat from soft palate

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19
Q

What is the tongue made of

A

interwoven skeletal muscle and fibrous connective tissue

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20
Q

How many types of papillae are there

A

4, filiform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate

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21
Q

filiform papillae

A

main papillae, tend to be white, pointed, seen all over the tongue, give friction

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22
Q

fungiform papillae

A

round little dots, appear red, scattered around anterior tongue

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23
Q

foliate papillae

A

on side of tongue

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24
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

form v-shape on posterior tongue, circles with deep grooves

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25
Q

lingual frenulum

A

connection between tongue and floor of mouth, connective tissue, tightness causes speaking problems

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26
Q

Where are taste buds found

A

fungiform, foliate, circumvallate

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27
Q

Where are non-discrete/intrinsic salivary glands

A

found all over

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28
Q

What/where are discrete/extrinsic salivary glands

A

3 big sets of glands on both sides of the face
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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29
Q

Parotid glands

A

largest, secretes serous saliva, ducts secrete at roof of mouth around 2nd molar

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30
Q

Submandibular glands

A

secretes serous and mucous saliva, ducts secrete at floor of mouth through sublingual gland next to lingual frenulum

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31
Q

Sublingual gland

A

secretes mucous saliva, many ducts at floor of mouth, many tiny little glands

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32
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

baby teeth, 6 months to 2 years, full set has 20 teeth

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33
Q

Permanent teeth

A

adults teeth, 7 years to 25 years, full set has 32 teeth (not everyone has a full set)

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34
Q

Incisors

A

to cut, 4 top, 4 bottom

35
Q

Canine

A

to tear, 2 top, 2 bottom

36
Q

Premolars

A

grind food, 4 top, 4 bottom

37
Q

Molars

A

grind food, 6 top, 6 bottom

38
Q

Dentin

A

laid down by adontoblasts, living tissue, form bulk of the tooth

39
Q

Enamel

A

covers dentin, formed by anemoblasts, under gingiva, hardest substance

40
Q

Cementum

A

covers the root outside of dentin, formed by cementoblasts, living tissue

41
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

collagen attaching tooth to bone

42
Q

Pulp cavity

A

contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels that serve the tooth

43
Q

Root canal

A

canal for arteries, veins, substances in pulp cavity to run through, contains apical foramen

44
Q

What does saliva contain for chemical digestion

A

water, ions, mucus (to lubricate bolus)

45
Q

Amylase

A

enzyme for starch breakdown into sugar

46
Q

Lysoenzyme

A

enzyme in saliva to breakdown bacteria and reduce bacteria in mouth

47
Q

Secretory antibodies

A

antibacterial secretions

48
Q

Salivary reflex

A

stimulates salivary nuclei in the brainstem to produce saliva

49
Q

Swallowing phases

A

buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal

50
Q

Buccal phase

A

move bolus to pharynx, voluntary

51
Q

Pharyngeal phase

A

involuntary, larynx: elevates to cause epiglottis to flop over to protect the airway, pharynx: constricts, esophagus: opens

52
Q

Esophageal phase

A

bolus in esophagus moved down through paristalsis

53
Q

How long is the esophagus

A

1 foot long

54
Q

Esophageal specializations

A

stratified squamous epithelium, mix of skeletal and smooth muscle (upper: skeletal, middle: both, lower: smooth), adventitia

55
Q

Adventitia

A

connective tissue forming a watery membrane, on the outside

56
Q

Basic functions of the stomach

A

store food then slowly release to the small intestine, chemically digest protein first, mix good with stomach juice to form chyme

57
Q

Greater curvature

A

contains greater omentum

58
Q

Lesser curvature

A

contains lesser omentum, connects the stomach to the liver

59
Q

Cardia

A

where the esophagus enters

60
Q

What are sphincters made of

A

bands of smooth muscle

61
Q

Stomach wall

A

mucosa with rugal folds with gastric glands that secrete cells

62
Q

What cells does the stomach wall secrete

A

mucous, chief/zygomatic, parietal/oxyntic, entero-endocrine

63
Q

Mucous cells

A

prevent stomach from digesting itself

64
Q

Chief/zygomatic cells

A

produce enzymes, inactive form is pepsinogen

65
Q

Parietal/oxyntic cells

A

secrete hydrochloric acid

66
Q

How does pepsinogen change into the active form of pepsin

A

through hydrochloric acid

67
Q

Entero-endocrine cells

A

secrete hormones for digestions

68
Q

Chemical digestion in the stomach

A

pepsinogen –> pepsin –> polypeptides through proteins

69
Q

Cephalic phase

A

brain gets stomach ready for food, stimulates stomach, stimulates by thought/taste/smell/sight of food, stomach activity innervated by the vagus nerve

70
Q

Gastric phase

A

stimulates stomach, stimulated by food in the stomach, stretch induces vagus nerve, stimulates stomach movement and secretion, gastrin stimulates stomach activity, histamine stimulates acid production

71
Q

Intestinal phase

A

presence of chyme, vagus nerve activity, hormones from small intestine cause stomach activity to be inhibited, inhibits stomach (negative feedback loop)

72
Q

Small intestine, small bowel

A

general function of chemical digestion and absorption of food

73
Q

Duodenum

A

1 foot long, retroperitoneal, wraps around head of the pancreas, contains glands that secrete mucous to protect from the acidic chyme coming out of the stomach

74
Q

Jejunum

A

8 feet long, empties after death, no glands or patches

75
Q

Ileum

A

12 feet long, peyer’s patches: mucosa associated lymphatic tissue, large groups of lymphocytes

76
Q

3 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

77
Q

small intestinal wall

A

adapted for digestion by increasing surface area, 21 feet long

78
Q

plicae circulares

A

circular folds used to increase surface area

79
Q

Villi

A

contain intestinal glands/crypts: secretory glands between villi

80
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

sphincter between ileum and large intestine

81
Q

Pancreas function

A

majority of digestive enzymes and hormones

82
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

base: sodium bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acids

83
Q

Falciform ligament

A

connects liver to diaphragm and abdominal wall

A&P Semester 2 (7 decks)

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