Chapter 22 Flashcards
Ingestion
taking food in
Mobility
movement/churning of food
Types of mobility
peristalsis, segmentation, mixing
Mechanical digestion
physical separation of bigger pieces into smaller pieces, chew food to form bolus
Chemical digestion
involved enzymes, taking macromolecules into monomers
Absorption
after digestion into blood or lymph
Alimentary canal
esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine –> anus
What do the serous membranes around the digestive system do
allow the digestive system to move in place
Parietal peritoneum
forms a wall of abdominal and pelvic cavities
Visceral peritoneum
around organ walls
Mesentaries
serous membranes that connect the small intestine to the wall, in the middle of the gut
Omenta
greater hangs off stomach, lesser is between the stomach and the liver
Vestibule
place between lips and teeth
Bony/hard palate
made of palatine process of maxillary bones in front and palatine bones in back
Soft palate
made of connective tissue, muscle, and stratified squamous epithelium
Uvula
helps to guard the airway, excess tissue from when mouth was formed
Palatoglossal arch
anterior, form soft palate to tongue
Palatopharyngeal arch
posterior, forms back towards pharynx to throat from soft palate
What is the tongue made of
interwoven skeletal muscle and fibrous connective tissue
How many types of papillae are there
4, filiform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate
filiform papillae
main papillae, tend to be white, pointed, seen all over the tongue, give friction
fungiform papillae
round little dots, appear red, scattered around anterior tongue
foliate papillae
on side of tongue
circumvallate papillae
form v-shape on posterior tongue, circles with deep grooves
lingual frenulum
connection between tongue and floor of mouth, connective tissue, tightness causes speaking problems
Where are taste buds found
fungiform, foliate, circumvallate
Where are non-discrete/intrinsic salivary glands
found all over
What/where are discrete/extrinsic salivary glands
3 big sets of glands on both sides of the face
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
Parotid glands
largest, secretes serous saliva, ducts secrete at roof of mouth around 2nd molar
Submandibular glands
secretes serous and mucous saliva, ducts secrete at floor of mouth through sublingual gland next to lingual frenulum
Sublingual gland
secretes mucous saliva, many ducts at floor of mouth, many tiny little glands
Deciduous teeth
baby teeth, 6 months to 2 years, full set has 20 teeth
Permanent teeth
adults teeth, 7 years to 25 years, full set has 32 teeth (not everyone has a full set)
Incisors
to cut, 4 top, 4 bottom
Canine
to tear, 2 top, 2 bottom
Premolars
grind food, 4 top, 4 bottom
Molars
grind food, 6 top, 6 bottom
Dentin
laid down by adontoblasts, living tissue, form bulk of the tooth
Enamel
covers dentin, formed by anemoblasts, under gingiva, hardest substance
Cementum
covers the root outside of dentin, formed by cementoblasts, living tissue
Periodontal ligament
collagen attaching tooth to bone
Pulp cavity
contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels that serve the tooth
Root canal
canal for arteries, veins, substances in pulp cavity to run through, contains apical foramen
What does saliva contain for chemical digestion
water, ions, mucus (to lubricate bolus)
Amylase
enzyme for starch breakdown into sugar
Lysoenzyme
enzyme in saliva to breakdown bacteria and reduce bacteria in mouth
Secretory antibodies
antibacterial secretions
Salivary reflex
stimulates salivary nuclei in the brainstem to produce saliva
Swallowing phases
buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal
Buccal phase
move bolus to pharynx, voluntary
Pharyngeal phase
involuntary, larynx: elevates to cause epiglottis to flop over to protect the airway, pharynx: constricts, esophagus: opens
Esophageal phase
bolus in esophagus moved down through paristalsis
How long is the esophagus
1 foot long
Esophageal specializations
stratified squamous epithelium, mix of skeletal and smooth muscle (upper: skeletal, middle: both, lower: smooth), adventitia
Adventitia
connective tissue forming a watery membrane, on the outside
Basic functions of the stomach
store food then slowly release to the small intestine, chemically digest protein first, mix good with stomach juice to form chyme
Greater curvature
contains greater omentum
Lesser curvature
contains lesser omentum, connects the stomach to the liver
Cardia
where the esophagus enters
What are sphincters made of
bands of smooth muscle
Stomach wall
mucosa with rugal folds with gastric glands that secrete cells
What cells does the stomach wall secrete
mucous, chief/zygomatic, parietal/oxyntic, entero-endocrine
Mucous cells
prevent stomach from digesting itself
Chief/zygomatic cells
produce enzymes, inactive form is pepsinogen
Parietal/oxyntic cells
secrete hydrochloric acid
How does pepsinogen change into the active form of pepsin
through hydrochloric acid
Entero-endocrine cells
secrete hormones for digestions
Chemical digestion in the stomach
pepsinogen –> pepsin –> polypeptides through proteins
Cephalic phase
brain gets stomach ready for food, stimulates stomach, stimulates by thought/taste/smell/sight of food, stomach activity innervated by the vagus nerve
Gastric phase
stimulates stomach, stimulated by food in the stomach, stretch induces vagus nerve, stimulates stomach movement and secretion, gastrin stimulates stomach activity, histamine stimulates acid production
Intestinal phase
presence of chyme, vagus nerve activity, hormones from small intestine cause stomach activity to be inhibited, inhibits stomach (negative feedback loop)
Small intestine, small bowel
general function of chemical digestion and absorption of food
Duodenum
1 foot long, retroperitoneal, wraps around head of the pancreas, contains glands that secrete mucous to protect from the acidic chyme coming out of the stomach
Jejunum
8 feet long, empties after death, no glands or patches
Ileum
12 feet long, peyer’s patches: mucosa associated lymphatic tissue, large groups of lymphocytes
3 parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
small intestinal wall
adapted for digestion by increasing surface area, 21 feet long
plicae circulares
circular folds used to increase surface area
Villi
contain intestinal glands/crypts: secretory glands between villi
Ileocecal valve
sphincter between ileum and large intestine
Pancreas function
majority of digestive enzymes and hormones
Pancreatic juice
base: sodium bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acids
Falciform ligament
connects liver to diaphragm and abdominal wall