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A&P Semester 2 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What are motor endings?

A

An element of the PNS that active effectors by releasing neurotransmitters

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2
Q

What do motor endings do?

A

Make something happen

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3
Q

What are the 4 steps of excitation

A

1.) Movement of Na+ and K+ across a membrane
2.) The muscle cell depolarizes
3.) The excitation triggers an action potential
4.) The muscle contracts

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4
Q

What level does innervation of skeletal muscle take place at

A

The neuromuscular junction

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5
Q

What neurotransmitter gets released in innervation of skeletal muscle

A

ACh

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6
Q

What is simpler and slower: Autonomic motor endings and visceral effectors or somatic junctions

A

Autonomic motor endings and visceral effectors

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7
Q

What do branches in visceral muscles and glands form

A

synapses “en passant” (in passing) through varicosities

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8
Q

How do neurotransmitters in visceral muscles and glands act

A

Indirectly through second messenger systems

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9
Q

What are the neurotransmitters involved in visceral muscles and glands

A

ACh and norepinephrine

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10
Q

What are the 3 motor control levels in skeletal muscle (lowest to highest)

A

Segmental, projection, precommand

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11
Q

What does the segmental level control

A

Reflexes and spinal cord circuits

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12
Q

What are central pattern generators (CPGs)

A

Segmental circuits that activate networks of ventral horn neurons to stimulate specific groups of muscle

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13
Q

What does the projection level do

A

Sends information to the lower motor neurons and lets higher levels know what is happening

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14
Q

What anatomy is a part of the projection level

A

Precentral gyrus, cortex, brain stem

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15
Q

What is the cortex in charge of on the projection level of motor control

A

Initiates direct systems, voluntary movement, through upper motor neurons

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16
Q

What is the brain stem in charge of on the projection level of motor control

A

Oversees indirect systems, reflexes and CPG activity, through motor areas

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17
Q

What anatomy is a part of the precommand level

A

Cerebellum and basal nuclei

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18
Q

What is the job of the precommand level

A

Control the outputs of the cortex and brain stem

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19
Q

What does the precommand level do for activity

A

Determines if activity will start or stop

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20
Q

What does the cerebellum do on the precommand level of motor control

A

1.) Acts on motor pathways through projection areas in the brain stem
2.) Acts on motor cortex through the thalamus

21
Q

What does the basal nuceli do on the precommand level of motor control

A

Acts to inhibit motor centers

22
Q

What are reflexes

A

a rapid, predictable, involuntary motor response to a given stimulus

23
Q

What are the two categories of reflexes

A

Autonomic and somatic

24
Q

What are autonomic reflexes

A

Reflexes that involve smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

25
Q

Examples of autonomic reflexes

A

sweat, increase in heart rate, salivation

26
Q

What are somatic reflexes

A

reflexes that involve skeletal muscle that are quick

27
Q

Examples of somatic reflexes

A

shiver, knee jerk, cough, muscle strech

28
Q

What does a reflex arc describe

A

how actions happen

29
Q

What are the steps to a reflex arc

A

1.) receptor picks up a stimulus
2.) sensory neurons carry info to the CNS in action potentials
3.) Integrate synapse in the CNS
4.) Motor neuron carries AP away from the CNS
5.) An effector gives a response

30
Q

What is the muscle stretch reflex used for

A

to make sure that a muscle stays at the same length

31
Q

Why do alpha and motor neurons stimulate together

A

So the muscle spindle responds at various muscle lengths

32
Q

Intrafusal muscle fibers

A

skeletal muscle cells inside the spindle

33
Q

What does sensory neuron type 1 do

A

respond to stretch and speed

34
Q

What does sensory neuron type 2 do

A

respond to stretch degree/amount

35
Q

What are the events of the muscle stretch reflex

A

1.) The muscle stretch activates the spindle, increasing AP’s to the CNS through the sensory neuron
2.) Sensory neurons synapse with alpha motor neurons of the stretched muscle
3.) Inhibitory interneuron inhibits the alpha motor neuron of the antagonist muscle
4.) The stretched muscle contracts and the antagonist muscle relaxes

36
Q

Withdrawl reflex (somatic)

A

Pull away from painful stimuli

37
Q

Crossed extensor reflex (somatic)

A

One side reflexes and the other side extends

38
Q

Golgi tendon organ reflex (somatic)

A

Acs to inhibit a muscle from pulling too hard on a tendon

39
Q

Superficial spinal reflexes (somatic)

A

Elicited by gentle cutaneous stimulation

40
Q

Digestive system reflex (autonomic)

A

stretch the stomach, causes the colon to move

41
Q

Cardiovascular system reflex (autonomic)

A

hr, bp, vessel flow

42
Q

Integument system reflex (autonomic)

A

sweat, goosebumps

43
Q

Eyes reflex (autonomic)

A

the pupil moves in response to light

44
Q

Urinary system reflex (autonomic)

A

bladder contracts

45
Q

Reproductive system reflex (autonomic)

A

child birth, orgasm

46
Q

Why test reflexes?

A

1.) function of nerves, sensory and motor
2.) function of CNS at various levels
3.) degree of stimulation/inhibition of motor areas from the brain

47
Q

What does the muscle spindle respond to

A

length

48
Q

What does the tension organ respond to

A

tension

A&P Semester 2 (7 decks)

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