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A&P Semester 2 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

blood goes from the heart to the lungs

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2
Q

Systemic circulation

A

blood goes from the heart to the rest of the body

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3
Q

What does the heart sit in

A

a pericardial sac with pericardial fluid

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4
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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5
Q

What is the epicardium made of

A

simple squamous epithelium and areolar/adipose loose connective tissue (deep to the epithelium)

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6
Q

Where are auto-rhythmic cells found in the heart

A

the myocardium

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7
Q

what is the myocardium made of and what does it do

A

fibrous connective tissue that reinforces muscle, gives collagen support, and separates the muscle between atria and ventricles

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8
Q

What is the endocardium made of

A

simple squamous epithelium that is continuous with the lining of blood vessels and dense irregular connective tissue (deep to the epithelium)

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9
Q

What do valves do

A

ensure that blood only flows in one direction, in and out of the ventricles

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10
Q

what do AV valves have that SL valves don’t

A

chordae tendonae

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11
Q

Stenosis

A

narrowed valve

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12
Q

regurgitant

A

valve that opens but doesn’t fully close allowing blood to flow backwards

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13
Q

Where is stenosis most commonly found

A

aorta

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14
Q

Where is regurgitant most commonly found

A

mitral valve

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15
Q

What are murmurs caused by

A

abnormally functioning valves

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16
Q

Atria

A

made of thin myocardium and acts as receiving chambers for blood

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17
Q

Auricles

A

act as expansion chambers

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18
Q

Interatrial septum

A

separation between the atrias

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19
Q

Where is the pectinate muscle found

A

atria

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20
Q

Right atria

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

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21
Q

Left atria

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the right and left pulmonary veins

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22
Q

Ventricles

A

made of thick myocardium, work to pump blood

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23
Q

What does a thicker myocardium mean

A

more pressure

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24
Q

Interventricular septum

A

separation between the ventricles

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25
trabeculae carnae
beams of muscle in the ventricles
26
Where are papillary muscles found
ventricles
27
Chordae tendonae
rope like chords that connect the atrium and the ventricle
28
Right ventricle
pump blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk, which splits into right and left arteries
29
Left ventricle
pump blood to the body through the aorta
30
Do the right and left sides of the heart have equal volume
yes
31
Do the right and left sides of the heart have equal pressure
No, left has more
32
Coronary circulation
the circulation of the blood in the veins and arteries that supply the heart
33
Pathway of the heart's conduction system
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
34
What happens during the P wave
atrial depolarization through Na+ flowing into the atrium
35
What happens during QRS wave
ventricle depolarization through Na+ flow into the ventricles and atrial repolarization
36
What happens during T wave
ventricle repolarization through K+ flow out of ventricle cells
37
Nodal/junctional rhythm (4)
no P wave, SA node is not functioning, AV node is controlling the rate, paced slow
38
Heart block (3)
more P waves than QRS waves, decrease in the connection between atria and ventricles, very slow
39
Bundle block (3)
one of the bundle branches is not communication, the message isn't sent to ventricles, QRS gets wide
40
Ventricular fibrillation (2)
all parts of the heart are randomly depolarizing and contracting, death
41
What is defibrillation
a big jolt in electricity that depolarizes the whole heart, stopping depolarization, hoping that the SA node takes over again like it is supposed to
42
Current myocardial infraction (MI)
elevated ST segment due to a lack of O2, blood flow, ATP, and correct ion concentration
43
Old MI with damage
has deep Q waves because action potentials move away or around dead parts of the heart
44
Ventricular filling
mid to late diastole, AV valves open, SL valves closed
45
Ventricular systole
ventricles start contracting, isovolumetric contraction occurs to build up pressure, AV valves close, SL valves close, S1
46
Ventricular ejection
blood is pumped out of the ventricle, AV valves close, SL valves open due to the higher ventricular pressure
47
Early diastole
isovolumetric relaxation, pressure in ventricles fall, AV valves close, SL valves close, S2
48
End diastolic volume (EDV)
full volume of 120
49
End systolic volume (ESV)
partially empties volume to 50
50
Stroke volume (SV)
the volume moved by the left ventricle per beat SV=EDV-ESV
51
Cardiac output (CO)
volume of blood pumped per minute, SV*HR
52
What does homeostasis do for the heart
constantly adapting CO for the body's needs
53
What is the primary way of adjusting and changing CO
heart rate
54
What is the main way that heart rate is effected
through the autonomic nervous system
55
Parasympathetic system secretion
ACh, through the vagus nerve, output from the cardio-inhibitory center in the brainstem
56
Sympathetic system secretion
NE, by cardiac sympathetic nerves, output from the cardio-acceleratory center in the brainstem
57
Proprioceptors
sensing movement to stimulate sympathetic increase in heart rate
58
Baroreceptors
measure pressure, decline causes stimulation of an increase in heart rate to attempt to raise pressure
59
What do EPI, NE, and thyroid hormones do to heart rate
increase when hr increases
60
What drugs increase hr
caffeine and nicotine
61
What drugs decrease hr
beta blockers
62
what does an increase in Ca++ cause
increase in hr
63
what does a decrease in K+ cause
decrease in hr
64
What does stretching of the heart cause
increased pressure
65
What is the heart constantly adjusting
how hard/how much the heart is pumping

A&P Semester 2 (7 decks)

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