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A&P Semester 2 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

blood goes from the heart to the lungs

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2
Q

Systemic circulation

A

blood goes from the heart to the rest of the body

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3
Q

What does the heart sit in

A

a pericardial sac with pericardial fluid

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4
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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5
Q

What is the epicardium made of

A

simple squamous epithelium and areolar/adipose loose connective tissue (deep to the epithelium)

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6
Q

Where are auto-rhythmic cells found in the heart

A

the myocardium

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7
Q

what is the myocardium made of and what does it do

A

fibrous connective tissue that reinforces muscle, gives collagen support, and separates the muscle between atria and ventricles

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8
Q

What is the endocardium made of

A

simple squamous epithelium that is continuous with the lining of blood vessels and dense irregular connective tissue (deep to the epithelium)

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9
Q

What do valves do

A

ensure that blood only flows in one direction, in and out of the ventricles

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10
Q

what do AV valves have that SL valves don’t

A

chordae tendonae

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11
Q

Stenosis

A

narrowed valve

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12
Q

regurgitant

A

valve that opens but doesn’t fully close allowing blood to flow backwards

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13
Q

Where is stenosis most commonly found

A

aorta

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14
Q

Where is regurgitant most commonly found

A

mitral valve

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15
Q

What are murmurs caused by

A

abnormally functioning valves

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16
Q

Atria

A

made of thin myocardium and acts as receiving chambers for blood

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17
Q

Auricles

A

act as expansion chambers

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18
Q

Interatrial septum

A

separation between the atrias

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19
Q

Where is the pectinate muscle found

A

atria

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20
Q

Right atria

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

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21
Q

Left atria

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the right and left pulmonary veins

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22
Q

Ventricles

A

made of thick myocardium, work to pump blood

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23
Q

What does a thicker myocardium mean

A

more pressure

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24
Q

Interventricular septum

A

separation between the ventricles

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25
Q

trabeculae carnae

A

beams of muscle in the ventricles

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26
Q

Where are papillary muscles found

A

ventricles

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27
Q

Chordae tendonae

A

rope like chords that connect the atrium and the ventricle

28
Q

Right ventricle

A

pump blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk, which splits into right and left arteries

29
Q

Left ventricle

A

pump blood to the body through the aorta

30
Q

Do the right and left sides of the heart have equal volume

A

yes

31
Q

Do the right and left sides of the heart have equal pressure

A

No, left has more

32
Q

Coronary circulation

A

the circulation of the blood in the veins and arteries that supply the heart

33
Q

Pathway of the heart’s conduction system

A

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

34
Q

What happens during the P wave

A

atrial depolarization through Na+ flowing into the atrium

35
Q

What happens during QRS wave

A

ventricle depolarization through Na+ flow into the ventricles and atrial repolarization

36
Q

What happens during T wave

A

ventricle repolarization through K+ flow out of ventricle cells

37
Q

Nodal/junctional rhythm (4)

A

no P wave, SA node is not functioning, AV node is controlling the rate, paced slow

38
Q

Heart block (3)

A

more P waves than QRS waves, decrease in the connection between atria and ventricles, very slow

39
Q

Bundle block (3)

A

one of the bundle branches is not communication, the message isn’t sent to ventricles, QRS gets wide

40
Q

Ventricular fibrillation (2)

A

all parts of the heart are randomly depolarizing and contracting, death

41
Q

What is defibrillation

A

a big jolt in electricity that depolarizes the whole heart, stopping depolarization, hoping that the SA node takes over again like it is supposed to

42
Q

Current myocardial infraction (MI)

A

elevated ST segment due to a lack of O2, blood flow, ATP, and correct ion concentration

43
Q

Old MI with damage

A

has deep Q waves because action potentials move away or around dead parts of the heart

44
Q

Ventricular filling

A

mid to late diastole, AV valves open, SL valves closed

45
Q

Ventricular systole

A

ventricles start contracting, isovolumetric contraction occurs to build up pressure, AV valves close, SL valves close, S1

46
Q

Ventricular ejection

A

blood is pumped out of the ventricle, AV valves close, SL valves open due to the higher ventricular pressure

47
Q

Early diastole

A

isovolumetric relaxation, pressure in ventricles fall, AV valves close, SL valves close, S2

48
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV)

A

full volume of 120

49
Q

End systolic volume (ESV)

A

partially empties volume to 50

50
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

the volume moved by the left ventricle per beat
SV=EDV-ESV

51
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

volume of blood pumped per minute, SV*HR

52
Q

What does homeostasis do for the heart

A

constantly adapting CO for the body’s needs

53
Q

What is the primary way of adjusting and changing CO

A

heart rate

54
Q

What is the main way that heart rate is effected

A

through the autonomic nervous system

55
Q

Parasympathetic system secretion

A

ACh, through the vagus nerve, output from the cardio-inhibitory center in the brainstem

56
Q

Sympathetic system secretion

A

NE, by cardiac sympathetic nerves, output from the cardio-acceleratory center in the brainstem

57
Q

Proprioceptors

A

sensing movement to stimulate sympathetic increase in heart rate

58
Q

Baroreceptors

A

measure pressure, decline causes stimulation of an increase in heart rate to attempt to raise pressure

59
Q

What do EPI, NE, and thyroid hormones do to heart rate

A

increase when hr increases

60
Q

What drugs increase hr

A

caffeine and nicotine

61
Q

What drugs decrease hr

A

beta blockers

62
Q

what does an increase in Ca++ cause

A

increase in hr

63
Q

what does a decrease in K+ cause

A

decrease in hr

64
Q

What does stretching of the heart cause

A

increased pressure

65
Q

What is the heart constantly adjusting

A

how hard/how much the heart is pumping

A&P Semester 2 (7 decks)

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