Chapter 21: The Furnace Of Civil War (1861-1865)

Question 1

Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction)

Answer 1

• July 21, 1861. Va. (outside of D.C.) People watched battle.
• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a “stone wall.”
• Union retreated.
• Confederate victory.
• Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody

Question 2

Peninsula Campaign

Answer 2

• McClellan’s waterborne advancement upon Richmond between the James and York Rivers.
• He took a month to capture Yorktown, at which point Lincoln diverted reinforcements to pursue Jackson at the Shenandoah Valley.

Question 3

Merrimack

Answer 3

• A former wooden U.S. warship renamed the Virginia
• could easily destroy two wooden ships of the Union Navy.
• It was remodled by the confederates and was threatening to the Yankee blockading fleet.

Question 4

Monitor

Answer 4

• first ironclad warship commissioned by the United States Navy
• she is most famous for her participation in the first-ever naval battle between two ironclad warships
• the Battle of Hampton Roads on 9 March 1862

Question 5

Second Battle of Bull Run

Answer 5

• Lee and Pope fought and Lee came out victorious and then continued onto MD in hope of striking a blow that would not only encourage foreign intervention but also seduce the still wavering Border State and its sisters from the Union

Question 6

Battle of Antietam

Answer 6

• Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee’s Confederate forces in Maryland.
• Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Question 7

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 7

• Issued by Abraham Lincoln on september 22, 1862
• it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
• after halting Lee’s offensive in September 1862, Lincoln felt it was time to issue this statement declaring the slaves in the rebelling states to be free

Question 8

13th Amendment

Answer 8

• the legal freeing of slaves did not occur until the states ratified this amendment in 1865.
• This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners.
• It legally forbade slavery in the United States.

Question 9

Battle of Fredericksburg

Answer 9

• on December 13th, 1862, Lee severely defeated a frontal assault by the Union army in this Virginia battle.

Question 10

Battle of Gettysburg

Answer 10

• Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win.
• 50,000 people died
• the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Question 11

Gettysburg Address

Answer 11

• The Gettysburg address was given by Lincoln following the battle
• The speech lasted two minutes, and took place during the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg

Question 12

Battle of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

Answer 12

• Grant’s 1862 victories at these two forts opened the way for Union attacks on the South’s heartland

Question 13

Battle of Shiloh

Answer 13

• Grant was caught napping in southern Tennessee in April 1862.
• He finally managed to beat off the enemy in this, one of the goriest battles of the war.

Question 14

Siege of Vicksburg

Answer 14

• U.S. Grant had his troops circle around the city
• he then took the capital of Jackson, MS, and then seized this city
• became a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863)

Question 15

Sherman’s March

Answer 15

• General Sherman lead a force from Chattanooga, Tennessee to South Carolina destroying everything the Confederates could use to survive.
• He set fire to South Carolina’s capital, Columbia.

Question 16

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War

Answer 16

• the master stroke of the anti-Lincoln Republicans was the creation of this group
• may have stirred up as much trouble as it smoothed over.

Question 17

Copperheads

Answer 17

• Most extreme portion of the Peace Democrats.
• They openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, against Lincoln, and the emancipation.
• Based in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
• There was really no victory for this group.

Question 18

The Man Without a Country

Answer 18

• the strange case of Clement Vallandigham inspired Edward Everett Hale to write this fictional novel about Philip Nolan and the Burr conspiracy.
• Immensely popular in the north and help stimulate devotion to the union.
• The fictional Nolan was a young army officer found guilty of participation in the Aaron Burr plot at 1806.
• He had cried out in court, “damn the United States exclamation I wish I may never hear of the United States again explanation” for this outburst he was condemned to a life of eternal exile on American warships.

Question 19

Union Party

Answer 19

• a coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats
• included all of the Republicans and the war Democrats.
• It excluded the copperheads and peace Democrats.
• It was formed out of fear of the republican party losing control.
• It was responsible for nominating Lincoln.

Question 20

Wilderness Campaign

Answer 20

• A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant’s and Robert E. Lee’s armies in Virginia
• leading up to Grant’s capture of Richmond in April of 1865.
• Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

Question 21

Appomattox Courthouse

Answer 21

• the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War

Question 22

Reform Bill of 1867

Answer 22

• the Union victory in 1865 may have inspired this British legislation
• turned England into a true political democracy.
• Granted suffrage to all male British citizens, dramatically expanding the electorate.
• The success of the American Democratic experiment, reinforced by the Union victory in the Civil War, was used as one of the arguments in favor of the bill.

Question 23

Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson

Answer 23

• Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull Run

Question 24

George B. McClellan

Answer 24

• the democrats nominated him
• a former union general
• had been relieved by Lincoln
• adopted a platform denouncing the war and calling for a truce

Question 25

Robert E. Lee

Answer 25

• Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force
• The General of the Confederate troops; he was prosperous in many battles
• was defeated at Antietam in 1862 when he retreated across the Potomac
• this halt of Lee’s troops justified Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation
• he was defeated at Gettysburg by General Mead’s Union troops
• surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865

Question 26

John Pope

Answer 26

• mcclellan retreated from capturing richmond and instead joined troops under this general.
• However before the 2 could join, pope was attacked by lee
• initiated the 2nd battle of bull run.
• Pope retreated to WA, where he was replaced by mcclellan for all the areas troops

Question 27

A. E. Burnside

Answer 27

• was an American soldier, railroad executive, inventor, industrialist, and politician from Rhode Island, serving as governor and a U.S. Senator.
• As a Union Army general in the American Civil War, he conducted successful campaigns in North Carolina and East Tennessee
• was defeated in the disastrous Battle of Fredericksburg and Battle of the Crater.
• His distinctive style of facial hair is now known as sideburns, derived from his last name.

Question 28

Joseph (Fighting Joe) Hooker

Answer 28

• General who took over for Burnside

- he was also defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E. Lee (1814-1879)

Question 29

George G. Meade

Answer 29

• union general, scholarly, unspectacular, abrupt

- was woken at 2 a.m. being notified of replacing hooker

Question 30

George Pickett

Answer 30

• the Confederate general who led his troops on a charge at Gettysburg that was called the high tide of the Confederacy.

Question 31

Ulysses S. Grant

Answer 31

• an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877).
• He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Question 32

William Tecumseh Sherman

Answer 32

• Union General who destroyed South during “march to the sea” from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

Question 33

Salmon Chase

Answer 33

• name Lincoln’s treasury secretary who was a critic that led a group that sought to tie the president’s hands.

Question 34

Clement L. Valandigham

Answer 34

• Lincoln’s loudest opponent; he leaned toward the South, was tried for treason, shipped down South, fled to Canada, there ran and lost a bid for governor of Ohio, then returned to Ohio
• Was a copperhead leader.
• He called the war ‘Wicked and Cruel.’
• He was sentenced to prison time, but Lincoln decided if he liked the South, he should be banished to their lines

Question 35

John Wilkes Booth

Answer 35

• was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865 (a few days after South’s surrender)

Question 36

Anaconda Plan

Answer 36

Plan developed by WInfield Scott that was used to defeat the Confederacy; contained of the following objectives:

1. Put a naval blockade the South.
2. Free the slaves.
3. Divide the South along the Mississippi River.
4. Divide and crush the South by marching through Georgia and the Carolinas.
5. Capture the Southern capital of Richmond.
6. Engage the enemy anywhere possible and grind them into submission.