Chapter 21 Stuff Flashcards
Pharmacodynamics
Drug effects on the body
Medicinal Chemistry
New drug synthesis
Pharmacokinetics
Drug’s absorption, distribution metabolism, and excretion over time
Molecular Pharmacology
Interaction of drugs and components inside the cell or on the cell surface
Chemotherapy
Use of drugs in treatment of cancer and infectious disease
Toxicology
Studies of harmful effects of drugs on the body
Pharmacy
Drugstore, where a pharmacist prepares and dispenses drugs
Food and Drug Administration
-legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be disseminated and sold
United States Pharmacopeia
Reviews and appraises drugs effectiveness
Chemical Name
Exact chemical makeup of a drug
Brand name
Private property of individual drug manufacturer
Generic name
shorter, less complicated, identifies drug legally and scientifically
Oral Administration
Given by mouth
Sublingual Administration
Drugs placed under tongue and dissolve in saliva
-ex: nitroglycerin for angina
Rectal Administration
Suppositories and aqueous solutions inserted into rectum
Parenteral Administration
Injection of drug from a syringe
Intracavitary Instillation
- Parental
- Injection into a body cavity
Intradermal Injection
- Parental
- Made into the upper layers of the skin
Subcutaneous Injection
- Parenteral
- small needle placed into subcutaneous tissue
Inhalation
Vapors or gasses taken into the nose or mouth
Topical Application
Drugs applied locally on skin or mucous membrane of the body
-ointments, creams, lotions
Additive Action
Combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each
Synergism
Combination of two drugs causes an effect greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug
Response
Desired and beneficial effect of a drug
Tolerance
Effects of a given dose diminish as treatment continues. Increasing amounts are needed to produce the same affect
Idiosyncrasy
Unpredictable drug toxicity.
Contraindications
Factors in a patient’s condition that make the use of a drug dangerous
Resistance
Lack of beneficial response
-drugs that used to be effective are unable to control the disease process in a patient
Analgesics
A drug that lessens pain
Narcotics, Opioids
- More potent analgesics
- May induce a stupor
- Only used to relieve severe pain
Anesthetics
Reduces or eliminates sensation
-General anesthetics are used for surgical procedures
Antibiotics and Antifungals
Inhibits or kills bacteria
Treats fungal infections
Anticoagulants/Antiplatelets
Prevents clotting
Anticonvulsants
Prevents, reduces the frequency of convulsions in various types of seizure disorders or epilepsy
-depress abnormal spontaneous activity of the brain arising form ares of scar or tumor, without affecting normal brain function
Antidepressant
Treat symptoms of depression
-elevate mood, increase physical activity and mental alertness, improve appetite and sleep patterns
Anti-Alzheimer
treat symptoms of alzheimers
Antidiabetics
Used to treat Diabetes Mellitus
Antihistamines
Block the cation of histmine
Cardiovascular Drugs
Act on the heart or blood vessels to treat hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias
Angiotensin-Converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
(CD) Dilate blood vessels to lower blood pressure, improve heart performance, and reduce workload
-reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and death
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
(CD) Lower blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
Antiarrhythmics
(CD) Reverse abnormal heart rhythms
Beta-blockers
(CD) decrease muscular tone in blood vessels, slow heart rate, decrease output of the heart, and reduce blood pressure
Calcium channel blockers
(CD) dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure and are used to treat angina and arrhythmias. Inhibit entry of calcium into muscles of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiac glycosides
(CD) Made from digitalis (foxglove)
-increase the force of contraction of the heart and treat heart failure and Afib
Cholesterol-binding drugs
(CD) bind to dietary cholesterol and prevent its uptake from the gastrointestinal tract
Chloesterol-lowering drugs
(CD) control hypercholesterolemia
-reduce cholesterol production in the liver
Diuretics
(CD) Reduce the volume of blood in the body by promoting kidney to remove water and salt through urine
Endocrine drugs
Act similarly to naturally occurring hormones
Gastrointestinal drugs
relieve uncomfortable and potentially dangerous symptoms
Respiratory Drugs
Prescribed fro the treatment of asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchospasm
- bronchodilators
- steroids
- leukotriene modifiers (prevent asthma attacks)
Sedative-Hypnotics
medication that depress the central nervous system and promote drowsiness and sleep
-insomnia, sleep disorders
Stimulants
acton the brain to speed up vital processes (heart and respiration) in cases of shock and collapse
Tranquilizers
Control anxiety
