Chapter 18 Pathologies and Tests Flashcards
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism
Overactivity of the thyroid gland, thryotoxicosis
- Graves disease
- exophthalmos (proptosis) is protrusion of the eyeballs
Hypothyroidism
Underactivity of the thyroid gland
- Myxedema, advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood
- Cretinism, extreme hypothyroidism in infancy and childhood; leads to a lack of normal physical and mental growth
Thyroid Carcinoma
Cancer of the thyroid gland
Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive production of parathormone
Hypoparathyroidism
Deficient production of parathyroid hormone
-tetany (constant muscle contractions)
Adrenal virilism
Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens
Cushing Syndrome
Group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex
Addison Disease
Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex
Pheochromocytoma
Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla; tumor cells stain a dark or dusky color
Hyperinsulinism
Excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia
Diabetes mellitus
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells
Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities
Gigantism
Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues
Dwarfism
Congenital hypo secretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism
Panhypopituitarism
Deficiency of all pituitary hormones
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Diabetes insipidus
insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Fasting plasma glucose
Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours
Serum and urine tests
Measurements of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum and urine as indicators of endocrine function
Thyroid function tests
Measurement of T3, T4 and TSH in the bloodstream
Exophthalmometry
Measurement of eyeball protrusion with an exopthalmometer
Computed tomography scan
X-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross action and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumor
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities
Thyroid scan
Scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland
Ultrasound examination
sound waves show images of endocrine organs
