Chapter 21 : NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION Flashcards
1
Q
Neural system is composed of networks of neurons in
A
Hydra
2
Q
Brain is absent in insects.T/F
A
False
3
Q
Two divisions of human neural systems are
A
CNS and PNS
4
Q
CNS include
A
Brain and spinal cord
5
Q
The type of nerve fibre in PNS are
A
Afferent and efferent
6
Q
The two divisions of pns are
A
Somatic and autonomic
7
Q
Function of somatic and autonomic nervous systems are
A
Somatic – relay impulse from CNS to skeletal muscle
autonomic – relays impulses from CNS to involuntary organs
8
Q
AND divided into
A
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
9
Q
Draw structure of a neuron
A
- Dentritis 0 2. Nissills granules 03. Cell body 04. Nucleus 05. Schwan cell 06. Axon 07. Myelin sheath 08. Node of Ranvier 09. Axon terminal 10. Synaptic knob
10
Q
Visceral nervous system is a part of
A
Pns
11
Q
Visceral nervous system comprises of
A
Whole Complex of nerves, fibres, ganglia and palaces by which impulses travel from the CNS to viscera and from Viscera to CNS
12
Q
Dendrites also contain nissills granules.T/F
A
True
13
Q
Axon terminate as a____like structure called____
A
Bulb, synaptic knob
14
Q
Multipolar neurons found in
A
Cerebral cortex
15
Q
Bipolar neurons found in
A
Retina
16
Q
Unipolar found in
A
Embryonic stage
17
Q
Pseudo unipolar found in
A
Dorsal root ganglia
18
Q
Multipolar neurons have have single Axons.T/F
A
False single Axon
19
Q
Unipolar neurons have one dendrite.T/F
A
False, 1 Axon
20
Q
In pns myelinated fibres are______. (NEET)
A
Schwann cell
21
Q
In CNS myelinated fibres are evolved with_____
A
Oligodendrocytes
22
Q
The gap between two adjacent myelin sheath are called
A
Node of ranvier
23
Q
Unmyelinated nerve fibres are not enclosed by schwann cells.
A
False
24
Q
Unmyelinated nerves are commonly found in autonomous and somatic neural system.
A
True
25
Potential changes of nerve impulse
01. Threshold, 02. D polarization 03. Rivers of polarization 04. Repolarization, 05. Hyperpolarization 06. Resting potential
26
At resting state, neuron is permeable to K +.T/F
True
27
Na+ - K+ pump transport____ Na+ out and___ K+ in the cell.
3Na+, 2K+
28
What happens when stimulus is applied to a neuron
Membrane become freely permeable to na+
29
Saltatory conduction cause fast/slow conduction
Fast
30
Draw a diagram of axon terminal and synapse
01. Exam 02. Axon terminal 03. Synaptic vessel 04. Presynaptic membrane 04. Synaptic cleft 04. Postsynaptic membrane 05. Receptors
31
Synapse is formed by
The membranes of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons and synaptic cleft
32
Synaptic cleft may be absent in some cases.
True
33
The two type of synapses are
Electrical and chemical
34
Electrical synapse is fast/ slow then Chemical synapse. (NEET 2022)
Fast
35
Electrical current can flow directly from one neuron into the other across the electrical synapse.T/F (NEET 202)
True
36
Chemical synapse are use neurotransmitters.T/F (NEET 2022)
True
37
Membrane of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are in closely proximity in____synapse. (NEET 2022)
Electrical
38
Lot of electrical synapsis are present in pns.T/F
False, electrical synapsis are rare in humans
39
The new potential developed by sending the neurotransmitter can be inhibitory
True
40
Name three cranial meninges from outside to inside
Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater
41
Arachnoid is a thick layer. T/F
False
42
A sagittal section of the human brain is shown in diagram identify it
X. Four brain, Y. Midbrain, Z. Hindbrain; 01. Cerebral hemisphere, 0 2. Corpus collision 03. Cerebral aqueduct 04. Cerebral, 05. Thalamus 06. Hypothallus 07. Pons 08. cerebral, 09. Medulla, 10. Spinal cord
43
The three parts of brain are
Forbrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain
44
Forbrain consists of
Cerebral, thalamus and hypothalamus
45
The hemisphere are connected by tract of nerve fibres called _________. (NEET)
Corpus callosum
46
The layer of cells which covers the cerebral hemisphere is called _________
Cerebral cortex
47
Cerebral cortex is white/grey matter.
Grey
48
Cerebral cortex is thrown into prominent folds. T/F
T
49
Why cerebral cortex is grey?
neuron cell bodies are concentrated there
50
Areas of cerebral cortex are
Sensory area, mortar area and association areas
51
Function of association area are
intersensory associations, memory and communication
52
What are tracts?
nerve fibers in CNS are called tracts
53
Fibers of tracts are present in inner/outer part of cerebral hemisphere.
inner
54
The cerebrum wraps around _________
Thalamus
55
___________ is the major relay centre in the brain
Thalamus
56
Sensory and all motor signals of the brain must pass through __________
Thalamus
57
Body temp, urge of eating and drinking is controlled by _________ (NEET)
Hypothalamus
58
Limbic system is formed by - (NEET)
amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus
59
Limbic system regulate
I. sexual behavior, II. excitement, III. pleasure, IV.
rage, V. fear, VI. motivation
60
___________ convert short-term memory to long-term memory.
Hippocampus (Out of NCERT)
61
Midbrain is located between-
thalamus/hypothalamus of the forebrain and pons of the hindbrain
62
A canal called _________ passes through midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct
63
The ventral/dorsal portion of midbrain consist of 4 round swelling called
Dorsal, corpora quadrigemina
64
The hindbrain comprises
Pons, medulla and cerebellum
65
________ consists of fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of the brain
Pons
66
The medulla contains centres which control. (NEET)
respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions
67
_______ have a very convoluted surface
Cerebellum
68
_________ forms the connection between brain and spinal cord
Medulla
69
The 3 regions which made up the brainstem is
Midbrain, pons and medulla
69
A diagrammatic presentation of reflex action, Identify the actions
X-Stimulus, Y- Response: A - Muscle spindle (receptor), B - Afferent pathway, C - Dorsal root ganglion, D - White
matter, E - Gray matter, F - Interneuron, G-Motor neuron. H-Efferent pathway, I- Motor end plate (effector)
70
Nose receptors are _______ coated and called ________.
Mucus, olfactory receptors
71
The 3 kinds of cells in olfactory receptors are
Olfactory receptor cell supporting cell basal cell
72
Olfactory epithelium extend from outside environment directly into broad _______ sized organs called_________ .
bean, olfactory bulb
72
________ are extensions of the limbic system.
Olfactory bulb
73
Tongue have _______ receptor.
Gustatory receptors
74
The 3 types of cell in taste receptors are
Gustatory receptor cell, supporting cell basal cell
75
Adult human eye is an absolute spherical structure.T/F
F. nearly spherical
76
Eyes are located in sockets of the skull called _________
Orbits
77
Parts of an eye is shown in Diga, Identify
A-Aqueous chamber, B - Vitreous chamber, C-Fovea, D-Blind spot. E-Optic Optic nerve
F-Choroid, G-Sclera. H - Retina. I - Ciliary body
J-Cornea, K-Lens, L- Iris
78
The 3 layers of the wall of eyeball are (NEET)
Sclera, choroid and retina
79
Sclera is composed of which type of connective tissue?
Dense connective tissue
80
The anterior portion of sclera is called_________ .
Cornea
81
The choroid looks ________ in colour
Bluish
82
The choroid is thick over anterior/posterior one-third/two-third of the eyeball.
Anterior, one-third
82
Choroid anteriorly form
Ciliary body
83
Iris is a continuation of ________
Ciliary body
84
Iris is opaque. T/F
T
85
Iris is pigmented. T/F
T
86
The lens is held in place by __________ attached to __________ (NEET)
Ligaments, ciliary body
87
Structure surrounded by iris is called ________ .
Pupil
88
Diameter of pupil is regulated by -
iris
88
The 3 layers of cells of retina from inside to outside are _______
ganglion cells, bipolar cells and photoreceptor cells
89
The 2 types of photoreceptor cells are (NEET)
Rod and cones
90
The light sensitive proteins are called_________ .
Photopigments
91
Twilight vision is also called ________ vision.
Scotopic
92
Twilight vision is a fxn of cones. T/F
F. rods
92
Rod contains a _________ coloured protein called. which contains a derivative of (NEET)
purple-red Rhodopsin or visual purple, vitamin A
93
The 3 types of cones are
Blue, green and red cones
94
Optic nerve leave at a point medial/lateral to and slightly above/below the posterior pole of the eyeball
Medial, slightly above
95
_________ are not present in that region and hence it is called the _________ (NEET)
Photoreceptor cells, blind spot
96
Lateral to blind spot, there is a yellowish pigmented spot called__________ with a central pit called _________
Macula lutea, fovea
97
Visual acuity is maximum at - (NEET)
Fovea
98
Visual acuity means
resolution
99
At fovea, both rods and cones are densely packed. T/F (NEET)
F
100
Space between cornea and lens is called _______ and between lens and retina is called ________
Aqueous chamber, vitreous chamber
101
Aqueous humor is thicker than vitreous humor. T/F
F
102
Photopigments are composed of ________ and _______ (NEET)
Opsin and retinal
103
Retinal is a aldehyde/ketone of vitamin A. (NEET)
Aldehyde
104
Light cause change in the structure of opsin/retinal.
Opsin
105
2 sensory functions of ear -
hearing & balance
106
A diagrammatic view of an ear is shown in DigaQ. 7. Label A to J.
A-Pinna. B - Temporal bone,
C-Malleus, D-Incus, E-Stapes, F-Cochlear nerve, G-Cochlea. H - Eustachian tube, I- Tympanic membrane, J - External auditory canal
107
Outer ear consist of (2)
A-Reissner's membrane, B - Scala media, C - Organ of corti. D - Basilar membrane,
E - Scala tympani, F- Tectorial membrane, G-Scala vestibuli
108
A sectional view of cochlea is shown in DigaQ. 8. Label A to G.
Pinna and external auditory meatus
109
Function of pinna
Pinna and external auditory meatus
110
Tympanic membrane is also called
ear drum
111
The tympanic membrane is composed of ________ covered with _________ outside and with ________ inside
Pinna and meatus
111
Fine hairs & wax secreting glands are present in the skin of ________ and ________ .
Connective tissue, skin, mucous membrane
112
Name the 3 ossicles-
Mallus, incus, stapes
113
Stapes is attached to the round window of cochlea. T/F
F
114
Ear ossicles function -
Amplify the sound
115
Stapes is attached to oval/round window
oval
115
Function of ear ossicles
increase efficiency of transmission of sound waves
116
Eustachian tube connect ______ with _______
Middle ear with pharynx
117
Bony labyrinth lies inside the membranous labyrinth. T/F
connects middle ear cavity with pharynx
118
Function of eustachian tube
Bony and membranous labyrinth
118
Name the 2 parts of Labyrinth
F
119
The coiled portion of labyrinth is called -
Endolymph, perilymph
120
Membranous labyrinth is filled with __________ and surrounded by ___________
Cochlea
121
Scala vestibuli end at ________ window.
reissner's and basilar membrane
121
Scala media is filled with
Endolymph
121
Name the 2 membranes found in cochlea.
Oval window
121
The hair cells are present in rows on the internal/external side of organ of corti.
Round window
121
Scala tympani end at _______ window.
Basilar, hair cells
121
Organ of corti is located on _________ membrane which contains _________ which act as auditory receptor.
internal
121
_________ are projected from apical part of hair cell.
Basal
121
The apical/basal end of the hair cell is in close contact with afferent nerve fiber.
Stereo cilla
122
___________ is the sensory part of saccule and utricle.
Thin, tectorial membrane
122
Thick/thin elastic membrane called _______ is present above hair cell.
Semi-circular, otolith
122
Vestibular apparatus is composed of three _______ and ________
Saccule and utricle
122
Otolith organs consist of
Macula
123
The membranous canals are suspended in the endolymph/perilymph of the bony canals.
endolymph
123
The base of canal is swollen and is called
Ampulla
123
The projecting ridge of saccule and utricle is
Crista ampullaris
124
________ and ________ have hair cells.
Macula
124
The crista maintains the dynamic/static balance of the body.
Crista ampullaris and macula
124
Ampulla contains a projecting ridge called
F. basilar membrane
125
The waves in the lymphs induce a ripple in the reissner's membrane which bend the hair cells. T/F
Dynamic
125
The otolith organ maintains the dynamic/static balance of the body.
Static
125
Vestibular apparatus is important for - (NEET)
Maintenance of balance and posture of body
126
The movement in the membrane bend the hair cells, pressing them against the
Basilar, tectorial membrane
127
Cranial nerve involved in hearing is
