Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BioHack > Chapter 19 : EXCRETORY PRODUCTS & ELIMINATION > Flashcards

Chapter 19 : EXCRETORY PRODUCTS & ELIMINATION Flashcards

1
Q

3 Major forms of nitrogenous waste are -

A

ammonia, uric acid, urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most toxic nitrogenous waste is-

A

Ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Least toxic nitrogenous waste is -

A

Uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ammonotelic ex (3)

A

Bony fishes, aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ammonia is excreted by ________ across body surface or through _________ in fishes

A

diffusion, gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ammonia is excreted as NH3 T/F

A

F. as ammonium ion NH4+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Kidney do not play a significant role in removal of ammonia. T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ureatelic ex (3) -

A

Amphibians, marine fishes, mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ammonia produced is converted into urea in the _______ of these
animals and released into the blood which is excreted out by the ________

A

liver, kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Urea is retained in kidney matrix of some animals because -

A

to maintain desired osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Unicotelic ex (4)-(NEET 2022)

A

Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Uric acid is secreted in the form of _________ or _________

A

pellets or paste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Protonephridia also called. are excretory structures of - (4)

A

Flame cells, ex-Platyhelminthes, rotifers, some annelids and Cephalochordata ie Amphioxus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Protoneohridia are primarily concerned with nitrogenous waste removal. T/F

A

F. primarily concerned with osmoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nephridia are found in (I)-

A

Annelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Excretory structure of most insects is -

A

malpighian tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Malpighian tubules help only in removal of nitrogenous wastes, not osmoregulation. T/F

A

F. both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Antennal glands also called -

A

Green glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Antennal glands are present in ________ like ________

A

crustaceans like prawns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Human urinary system is shown in DigaQ. I. Label A to L

A

DigaQ. 1-A- Adrenal gland, B - Renal artery, C-Renal vein D-Kidney, E-Dorsal aorta, F-Ureter, G- Urinary bladder, H - Urethra, I-Cortex, J-Medulla, K-Pelvis, L-Inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A longitudinal section of kidney is shown in DigaQ. 2. Label A to 1.

A

DigaQ 2-A-Medullary pyramid, B-Renal column, C-Cortex, D-Renal capsule, E- Ureter, F -Renal pelvis, G-Renal vein, H - Renal artery, I -Calyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Kidneys are ________ in colour

A

Reddish brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Kidney is situated between ______ and _______ vertebrae.

A

Last thoracic (12th) and 3rd lumbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Kidney is located close to the dorsal/ventral, inner/outer wall of abdominal cavity.

A

Dorsally, Inner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Kidney dimensions (length, width and thickness) are -

A

10-12 cm length, 5-7 cm width, 2-3 cm thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Average weight is -

A

120-170 g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ureter, blood vessels and nerves enter through

A

Hilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Towards the centre of the kidney’s inner/outer, concave/cor convex surface is a notch called hilum

A

inner, concave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Funnel shaped space is called ______ with projections called _______

A

Renal pelvis, calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Renal pelvis is present inner to hilum. T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Outer layer of kidney is a tough capsule. T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Kidney is divided into 2 zones namely.

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cortex extends in between medullary pyramids as renal columns called-

A

Renal columns of Bertini

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Medullary pyramids project into the-

A

calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Total no of nephrons in human body is -

A

2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A diagrammatic representation of a nephron is shown in
iga. 3. Label A to K

A

DigaQ. 3- Nephron A- Efferent arteriole, B- Afferent arteriole, C- Glomerulus, D- Bowman’s capsule, E- Descending limb of loop of Henle F- Ascending limb of loop of Henle, G- Henle’s loop, H -Vasa recta, I-Collecting duct, J-Distal convoluted tubule, K-Proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Nephron 2 parts are -

A

Glomerulus and renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries formed by the afferent/efferent arteriole

A

afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Blood from glomerulus is carried away by efferent vein. T/F

A

F. efferent artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Bowman’s capsule is a part of renal tubule. T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Cup like structure is -

A

Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

_________ encloses the glomerulus

A

Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Identify the structure shown in DigaQ. 4. Label A, B, C and D

A

DigaQ. 4- Malpighian body (renal corpuscle): A-Afferent arteriole, B - Efferent arteriole, C- Bowman’s capsule, D-Proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Glomerulus + Bowman’s Capsule =

A

Malphigian body/Renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

PCT is highly coiled. T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

________ is hairpin shaped

A

Loop of henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Collecting duct open into-

A

renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Only component of nephron which dips into the medulla is -

A

Loop of henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Name the 2 types of nephrons

A

Cortical & Juxtamedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Loop of Henle is long in cortical nephrons. T/F

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons are present in more no. than cortical nephrons

A

F. vice versa is true

52
Q

Vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in cortical nephrons. T/F

A

T

53
Q

The 3 process for urine formation are -

A

Glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion

54
Q

On average _______ -________ ml of blood is filtered by kidney per min.

A

1100-1200 ml

55
Q

Filtration occurs through 3 layers. Name them

A

Endothelium of glomerular blood vessel, basement
membrane, epithelium of bowman’s capsule

56
Q

The epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule are called ______ (NEET)

A

Podocytes

57
Q

Minute spaces between them is called ________ or ________ or (NEET)

A

Filtration slits or slit pores

58
Q

Protein also passes onto the lumen of the bouman’s capsule T/F

A

F

59
Q

Glomerular filtration is called ultrafiltration because -

A

All constituent except profein paas to lumen

60
Q

Normal GFR values are _______ ml/min ie lit/day

A

125 ml/min or 180 lit/day

61
Q

JGA full form -

A

Justaglomerular apparatus

62
Q

JGA is formed by the cellular modification of - (2)

A

DCT and afferent arteriole

63
Q

A fall in GFR activate the ________ cells to release _________

A

JG, Rein

64
Q

Nearly _________ % of filtrate has to be reabsorbed by renal tubules (NEET)

A

99

65
Q

Substances reabsorbed actively are (3) - (NEET)

A

Glacese amino acid and Na+

66
Q

Substances reabsorbed passively are (1) - (NEET)

A

Nitrogenous waste

67
Q

Reabsorption of water also occurs actively in the initial segments of the nephron T/F

A

F, passively

68
Q

Tubular cells secrete which 3 things into the filtrate?

A

H+, K+ and ammonia

69
Q

PCT is lined by ______ epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal brush border

70
Q

70-80% of _______ and _______ are reabsorbed in PCT (NEET)

A

Electrolyte and water

71
Q

PCT helps to maintain _______ and ________ of the body fluids (NEET)

A

pH and ionic balance

72
Q

PCT secrete _______ into the filtrate and absorbs _________ from t

A

H+, K+ and ammonia, absorb - HCO3-

73
Q

Reabsorption is minimum in ascending/descending limb (NEET)

A

Ascending limb

74
Q

What plays significant role in maintenance of high osmolarity of medullary interstitium?

A

Loop of henle

75
Q

Descending limb is permeable to ________ and impermeable to ________ (NEET)

A

Water, electrolytes

76
Q

Ascending limb is impermeable to _________ but permeable to ________ (NEET)

A

Water, electrolytes

77
Q

Ions are only transported passively in ascending limb. T/F (NEET)

A

F. actively too

78
Q

Conditional reabsorption of _______ and ________ take place in DCT

A

Water and Na+

79
Q

DCT also reabsorbs _________ and selective secretion of _________ also occur (NEET)

A

HCO3, selective secretion of Hydrogen, potassium and NH3

80
Q

Large amount of water can be reabsorbed from -

A

Collecting duct

81
Q

Collecting duct cause selecting reabsorption of H & K. T/E

A

T

82
Q

Collecting duct allow passage of urea info medullary interstitium T/F

A

F, selective secretion of H+ & K+

83
Q

________&________ plays a significant role in concentrating urine.

A

loop of henle & vasa recta

84
Q

The countercurrent mechanism operate between vasa recta and henle’s loop. T/F

A

F

85
Q

The countercurrent is formed between the two limbs of Henle’s loop T/F

A

T

86
Q

The countercurrent is formed between the two limbs of vasa recta T/F

A

T

87
Q

Osmolarity gradient from cortex to inner medullary interstitium is ________-_______ mOsmolL-1

A

300-1200

88
Q

This gradient is mainly caused by - (2)

A

NaCl and urea

89
Q

Small amounts of urea enter the thin thick segment of the ascending/descending limb of Henle’s lap which is transported back to the interstitium by ________

A

thin ascending collecting duct

90
Q

NaCl is returned to the interstitium by -

A

ascending portion of vasa recta

91
Q

Human kidneys can produce urine nearly _______ times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed

A

4

92
Q

Kidney function is regulated by - (3)

A

Hypothalamus, JGA and heart

93
Q

Osmoreceptors are activated by - (3)

A

changes in blood volume, body fluid volume and ionic concentration

94
Q

ADH also called-

A

vasopressin

95
Q

ADH prevent ________

A

Diuresis

96
Q

ADH also have constrictor effect on blood vessel T/F

A

T (that’s why it is called vasopressin (vaso-vessel pressin-constrictor)

97
Q

JG cells are activated by _______ and release _______ (NEET)

A

Fall in GFR, renin

98
Q

Renin convert ________ to _______

A

Angiotensinogen to angiotensin

99
Q

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by _______ enzyme found in _______

A

ACE (Angiotensin convertase enzyme), lungs

100
Q

Angiotensin II fxns - (2)

A

powerful vasoconstrictor, activates adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone

101
Q

Aldosterone causes reabsorption of ____ and _____ from proximal/distal parts of tubule.

A

Water and Na+, distal

102
Q

ANF decreases blood pressure by causing diuresis T/F

A

F, by vasodialation

103
Q

ANF cause (NEET)

A

Vasodilation

104
Q

_________ mechanism check RAAS mechanism.

A

ANF

105
Q

What is the first event that initiates micturition?

A

stretching of urinary bladder

106
Q

CNS initiate contraction of ______ and relaxation of ______ during micturition

A

smooth muscles of the bladder, internal urethral
sphincter

107
Q

An adult human excrete _______ litres of urine per day

A

1-1.5

108
Q

The urine pH is _______ (NEET)

A

6

109
Q

Urine is white in colour. T/F

A

F. light yellow

110
Q

____-____ gm of urea is excreted out per day (NEET)

A

25-30 gm

111
Q

Presence of glucose in urine is called ________ and ketone is called ________

A

Glycosuria, ketonuria

112
Q

Both these conditions are indicative of _________ (NEET)

A

diabetes mellitus

113
Q

Largest gland of human body is -

A

liver

114
Q

. 2nd largest gland of human body is -

A

thyroid

115
Q

Other than kidneys _______ and _______ help in elimination of excretory waste

A

Lungs, liver and skin

116
Q

Sweat glands eliminate - (3)

A

NaCl urea and lactic acid

117
Q

Sebaceous glands eliminate substances like _______, _______ and _______ through

A

Sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum

118
Q

Secretion of _______ provides a protective oily covering for the skin.

A

sebaceous glands

119
Q

Accumulation of urea is called-

A

Uremia

120
Q

Anticoagulant is used when the blood is pumped into a dialyzing unit.

A

Heparin

121
Q

The unit contains a coiled tube made of ________ surrounded by a dialysing fluid

A

Cellophane

122
Q

Anti-heparin is also used in haemodialysis. T/F

A

T, when pumping blood back in body anti-heparin
is added

123
Q

_________ is the ultimate method in the correction of acute renal failures.

A

Kidney transplantation

124
Q

Renal canaliculi is because of (NEET)

A

Stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts
(oxalates, etc) formed within the kidney

125
Q

Inflammation of glomeruli is called - (NEET)

A

Glomerulonephritis

BioHack (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions