Chapter 19 : EXCRETORY PRODUCTS & ELIMINATION Flashcards
1
Q
3 Major forms of nitrogenous waste are -
A
ammonia, uric acid, urea
2
Q
Most toxic nitrogenous waste is-
A
Ammonia
3
Q
Least toxic nitrogenous waste is -
A
Uric acid
4
Q
Ammonotelic ex (3)
A
Bony fishes, aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects
5
Q
Ammonia is excreted by ________ across body surface or through _________ in fishes
A
diffusion, gills
6
Q
Ammonia is excreted as NH3 T/F
A
F. as ammonium ion NH4+
7
Q
Kidney do not play a significant role in removal of ammonia. T/F
A
T
8
Q
Ureatelic ex (3) -
A
Amphibians, marine fishes, mammals
9
Q
Ammonia produced is converted into urea in the _______ of these
animals and released into the blood which is excreted out by the ________
A
liver, kidney
10
Q
Urea is retained in kidney matrix of some animals because -
A
to maintain desired osmolarity
11
Q
Unicotelic ex (4)-(NEET 2022)
A
Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects
12
Q
Uric acid is secreted in the form of _________ or _________
A
pellets or paste
13
Q
Protonephridia also called. are excretory structures of - (4)
A
Flame cells, ex-Platyhelminthes, rotifers, some annelids and Cephalochordata ie Amphioxus
14
Q
Protoneohridia are primarily concerned with nitrogenous waste removal. T/F
A
F. primarily concerned with osmoregulation
15
Q
Nephridia are found in (I)-
A
Annelids
16
Q
Excretory structure of most insects is -
A
malpighian tubules
17
Q
Malpighian tubules help only in removal of nitrogenous wastes, not osmoregulation. T/F
A
F. both
18
Q
Antennal glands also called -
A
Green glands
19
Q
Antennal glands are present in ________ like ________
A
crustaceans like prawns
20
Q
Human urinary system is shown in DigaQ. I. Label A to L
A
DigaQ. 1-A- Adrenal gland, B - Renal artery, C-Renal vein D-Kidney, E-Dorsal aorta, F-Ureter, G- Urinary bladder, H - Urethra, I-Cortex, J-Medulla, K-Pelvis, L-Inferior
21
Q
A longitudinal section of kidney is shown in DigaQ. 2. Label A to 1.
A
DigaQ 2-A-Medullary pyramid, B-Renal column, C-Cortex, D-Renal capsule, E- Ureter, F -Renal pelvis, G-Renal vein, H - Renal artery, I -Calyx
22
Q
Kidneys are ________ in colour
A
Reddish brown
23
Q
Kidney is situated between ______ and _______ vertebrae.
A
Last thoracic (12th) and 3rd lumbar
24
Q
Kidney is located close to the dorsal/ventral, inner/outer wall of abdominal cavity.
A
Dorsally, Inner
25
Kidney dimensions (length, width and thickness) are -
10-12 cm length, 5-7 cm width, 2-3 cm thickness
26
Average weight is -
120-170 g
27
Ureter, blood vessels and nerves enter through
Hilium
28
Towards the centre of the kidney's inner/outer, concave/cor convex surface is a notch called hilum
inner, concave
29
Funnel shaped space is called ______ with projections called _______
Renal pelvis, calyces
30
Renal pelvis is present inner to hilum. T/F
T
31
Outer layer of kidney is a tough capsule. T/F
T
32
Kidney is divided into 2 zones namely.
Outer cortex and inner medulla
33
Cortex extends in between medullary pyramids as renal columns called-
Renal columns of Bertini
34
Medullary pyramids project into the-
calyces
35
Total no of nephrons in human body is -
2 million
36
A diagrammatic representation of a nephron is shown in
iga. 3. Label A to K
DigaQ. 3- Nephron A- Efferent arteriole, B- Afferent arteriole, C- Glomerulus, D- Bowman's capsule, E- Descending limb of loop of Henle F- Ascending limb of loop of Henle, G- Henle's loop, H -Vasa recta, I-Collecting duct, J-Distal convoluted tubule, K-Proximal convoluted tubule
37
Nephron 2 parts are -
Glomerulus and renal tubule
38
Glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries formed by the afferent/efferent arteriole
afferent
39
Blood from glomerulus is carried away by efferent vein. T/F
F. efferent artery
40
Bowman's capsule is a part of renal tubule. T/F
T
41
Cup like structure is -
Bowman's capsule
42
_________ encloses the glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
43
Identify the structure shown in DigaQ. 4. Label A, B, C and D
DigaQ. 4- Malpighian body (renal corpuscle): A-Afferent arteriole, B - Efferent arteriole, C- Bowman's capsule, D-Proximal convoluted tubule
44
Glomerulus + Bowman's Capsule =
Malphigian body/Renal corpuscle
45
PCT is highly coiled. T/F
T
46
________ is hairpin shaped
Loop of henle
47
Collecting duct open into-
renal pelvis
48
Only component of nephron which dips into the medulla is -
Loop of henle
49
Name the 2 types of nephrons
Cortical & Juxtamedullary
50
Loop of Henle is long in cortical nephrons. T/F
F
51
Juxtamedullary nephrons are present in more no. than cortical nephrons
F. vice versa is true
52
Vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in cortical nephrons. T/F
T
53
The 3 process for urine formation are -
Glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion
54
On average _______ -________ ml of blood is filtered by kidney per min.
1100-1200 ml
55
Filtration occurs through 3 layers. Name them
Endothelium of glomerular blood vessel, basement
membrane, epithelium of bowman's capsule
56
The epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule are called ______ (NEET)
Podocytes
57
Minute spaces between them is called ________ or ________ or (NEET)
Filtration slits or slit pores
58
Protein also passes onto the lumen of the bouman's capsule T/F
F
59
Glomerular filtration is called ultrafiltration because -
All constituent except profein paas to lumen
60
Normal GFR values are _______ ml/min ie lit/day
125 ml/min or 180 lit/day
61
JGA full form -
Justaglomerular apparatus
62
JGA is formed by the cellular modification of - (2)
DCT and afferent arteriole
63
A fall in GFR activate the ________ cells to release _________
JG, Rein
64
Nearly _________ % of filtrate has to be reabsorbed by renal tubules (NEET)
99
65
Substances reabsorbed actively are (3) - (NEET)
Glacese amino acid and Na+
66
Substances reabsorbed passively are (1) - (NEET)
Nitrogenous waste
67
Reabsorption of water also occurs actively in the initial segments of the nephron T/F
F, passively
68
Tubular cells secrete which 3 things into the filtrate?
H+, K+ and ammonia
69
PCT is lined by ______ epithelium
Simple cuboidal brush border
70
70-80% of _______ and _______ are reabsorbed in PCT (NEET)
Electrolyte and water
71
PCT helps to maintain _______ and ________ of the body fluids (NEET)
pH and ionic balance
72
PCT secrete _______ into the filtrate and absorbs _________ from t
H+, K+ and ammonia, absorb - HCO3-
73
Reabsorption is minimum in ascending/descending limb (NEET)
Ascending limb
74
What plays significant role in maintenance of high osmolarity of medullary interstitium?
Loop of henle
75
Descending limb is permeable to ________ and impermeable to ________ (NEET)
Water, electrolytes
76
Ascending limb is impermeable to _________ but permeable to ________ (NEET)
Water, electrolytes
77
Ions are only transported passively in ascending limb. T/F (NEET)
F. actively too
78
Conditional reabsorption of _______ and ________ take place in DCT
Water and Na+
79
DCT also reabsorbs _________ and selective secretion of _________ also occur (NEET)
HCO3, selective secretion of Hydrogen, potassium and NH3
80
Large amount of water can be reabsorbed from -
Collecting duct
81
Collecting duct cause selecting reabsorption of H & K. T/E
T
82
Collecting duct allow passage of urea info medullary interstitium T/F
F, selective secretion of H+ & K+
83
________&________ plays a significant role in concentrating urine.
loop of henle & vasa recta
84
The countercurrent mechanism operate between vasa recta and henle's loop. T/F
F
85
The countercurrent is formed between the two limbs of Henle's loop T/F
T
86
The countercurrent is formed between the two limbs of vasa recta T/F
T
87
Osmolarity gradient from cortex to inner medullary interstitium is ________-_______ mOsmolL-1
300-1200
88
This gradient is mainly caused by - (2)
NaCl and urea
89
Small amounts of urea enter the thin thick segment of the ascending/descending limb of Henle's lap which is transported back to the interstitium by ________
thin ascending collecting duct
90
NaCl is returned to the interstitium by -
ascending portion of vasa recta
91
Human kidneys can produce urine nearly _______ times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed
4
92
Kidney function is regulated by - (3)
Hypothalamus, JGA and heart
93
Osmoreceptors are activated by - (3)
changes in blood volume, body fluid volume and ionic concentration
94
ADH also called-
vasopressin
95
ADH prevent ________
Diuresis
96
ADH also have constrictor effect on blood vessel T/F
T (that's why it is called vasopressin (vaso-vessel pressin-constrictor)
97
JG cells are activated by _______ and release _______ (NEET)
Fall in GFR, renin
98
Renin convert ________ to _______
Angiotensinogen to angiotensin
99
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by _______ enzyme found in _______
ACE (Angiotensin convertase enzyme), lungs
100
Angiotensin II fxns - (2)
powerful vasoconstrictor, activates adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone
101
Aldosterone causes reabsorption of ____ and _____ from proximal/distal parts of tubule.
Water and Na+, distal
102
ANF decreases blood pressure by causing diuresis T/F
F, by vasodialation
103
ANF cause (NEET)
Vasodilation
104
_________ mechanism check RAAS mechanism.
ANF
105
What is the first event that initiates micturition?
stretching of urinary bladder
106
CNS initiate contraction of ______ and relaxation of ______ during micturition
smooth muscles of the bladder, internal urethral
sphincter
107
An adult human excrete _______ litres of urine per day
1-1.5
108
The urine pH is _______ (NEET)
6
109
Urine is white in colour. T/F
F. light yellow
110
____-____ gm of urea is excreted out per day (NEET)
25-30 gm
111
Presence of glucose in urine is called ________ and ketone is called ________
Glycosuria, ketonuria
112
Both these conditions are indicative of _________ (NEET)
diabetes mellitus
113
Largest gland of human body is -
liver
114
. 2nd largest gland of human body is -
thyroid
115
Other than kidneys _______ and _______ help in elimination of excretory waste
Lungs, liver and skin
116
Sweat glands eliminate - (3)
NaCl urea and lactic acid
117
Sebaceous glands eliminate substances like _______, _______ and _______ through
Sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum
118
Secretion of _______ provides a protective oily covering for the skin.
sebaceous glands
119
Accumulation of urea is called-
Uremia
120
Anticoagulant is used when the blood is pumped into a dialyzing unit.
Heparin
121
The unit contains a coiled tube made of ________ surrounded by a dialysing fluid
Cellophane
122
Anti-heparin is also used in haemodialysis. T/F
T, when pumping blood back in body anti-heparin
is added
123
_________ is the ultimate method in the correction of acute renal failures.
Kidney transplantation
124
Renal canaliculi is because of (NEET)
Stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts
(oxalates, etc) formed within the kidney
125
Inflammation of glomeruli is called - (NEET)
Glomerulonephritis
