Chapter 21: Neural Control and Coordination Flashcards
Fill in the following
The brain is protected by the cranium and is divided by 3 layers called meninges.
What are these 3 layers
- Dura= outer layer
- Arachnoid= middle layer
- Pia Mater= inner layer
The space between arachnoid and pia mater contain ____________ __________.
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
(1) acts as a shock absorber
(2) supplies nutrition to brain tissue
(3) Removes waste from the brain
What are the 3 parts of the human brain and their sub-components
- Forebrain
- Midbrain
- Hindbrain
The forebrain is made up of these 3 structures
- cerebrum
- hypothalamus
- thalamus
The four lobes located on the midbrain are called
Corpora Quadrigemina
The hindbrain is made up of
- Cerebellum
- medulla
- pons
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into the left and right hemispheres.
What connects the two hemispheres?
corpus collosum
The cerebral cortex has 3 functional areas. What are they and what are their roles
- Sensory areas: which receive stimulus or sensations
- Motor areas: which initiate responses
- Association areas that connect motor and sensory areas
•The surface of the Cerebrum is called the ______ ______ made up of a collection of nueronal cell bodies called
__________ ________.
- Cerebral Cortex
- Gray matter
The cerebrum is divided into 4 lobes
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
__________acts as a relay station for all sensory message entering the brain
Thalamus
Hypothalamus works with two glands. What are they?
Pituitary gland and Pineal glands secreting ADH (regulates blood pressure) and Oxytocin (love hormone)
The cerebral aqueduct flows through the midbrain and connects these two ventricles. What two ventricles are they?
3rd and 4th ventricle
What is the role of Corpora Quadrigemina in the mid brain?
They are reflex centers for vision and hearing.
The Hindbrain is composed of the:
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla Oblangata
What is the role of each region?
- Cerebellum: Plays a major role in body equilibrium and balance
- Pons= Connects mid brain with medulla oblangata
- Medulla Oblangata= Controls cardiac activity and respiration. Also, serves as reflex center for vomiting, coughing, sneezing
What is the Reflex Action?
The automatic and mechanical response to a stimulus without the involvement of the brain.
Describe the steps involved in a Reflex Arc
- Step 1: Stimulus is received by the sensory organ
- Step 2: The receptor sends a sensory impulse through the afferent fibers to the the spinal cord
- Step 3: The spinal cord transforms this sensory impulse into a motor impulse
- Step 4: This impulse is transmitted to the muscles through the efferent nerve fiber
- Step 5: The muscle contracts and withdraws to avoid the harmful stimulus
What are the three layers of the eye?
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
The size of the pupil is regulated by the muscles of this structure
Iris
What pigments do rods and cones contain?
(1) Rods contain iodopsin
(2) Cones contain rhodopsin
What cells are found in the retina?
- Ganglion cells
- bipolar cells
- photoreceptor cells
What is the function of cones?
(1) Daylight or photopic vision
(2) Color vision
How do cones work?
- Cones respond to: Red, Green, Blue light radiations
- Other colors are detected by stimulation of more than 1 type of cone
- All 3 cones stimulation produces white light
What is the roles of Rods?
(1) twilight (or scotopic vision)
(2) Sensitive to dim light and play no role in color vision
(a) What are blind spots
(b) where are they found?
(a) Blind spots are where rods and cones (also known as photoreceptors) are absent in the retina
(b) They are found where the optic nerve leaves the eye and the blood vessel enters
Vision is sharpest in the ________ __________ due to a high concentration of cones
Macula Latea
Resolution is greatest at the ___________ due to tightly packed photo-receptor cells
Fovea
The ear consists of three parts: external, middle and inner ear.
What structures are found in the Middle Ear?
(1) Malleus
(2) Incus
(3) Stapes
(4) Eustachean Tubes
The ear consists of three parts: External/Outter , Middle and Internal/Inner Ear.
What structures are found in the Inner Ear?
- Bony Labyrinth
- Membranous Labyrinth
The bony labryinth is surrounded by _______lymph and the membranous labyrinth is surrounded by ________lymph
- Perilymph
- Endolymph
The coiled portion of the labyrinth is called the __________
Cochlea
The cochlea is separated by two membranes. What are they?
- Reissner Membrane
- Basilar Membrane
The Reissner and Basilar membrane divide the perilymph into what?
(1) Scala Vestibuli
(2) Scala Tympani
The _________ of ________ is located on the Basilar Membrane and contain hair cells that acts as auditory receptors.
Organ of Corti
Vestibular Apparatus consists of:
Three semicircular canals and the otolith (made up of saccule and utricle)
What two structures in the ear are responsible for maintenance of balance of the body and posture?
The Crista Ampullaris and macula
What is the Mechanism of Hearing?
Forebrain consist of
- Cerebrum
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
Which part of the brain controls body temperature and controls the urge for eating and drinking?
Hypothalamus
The limbic system is composed of ________, __________, _________, _________
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
A patient is involved in a car accident and imaging of the brain shows damage to the limbic system.
What functions are affected?
- Long-term memory
- Motivation
- Expressing one self (excitement, fear, pleasure)
- Sexual Behavior
What two structures of the brain regulate respiration?
- Medulla
- Pons
__________ layer of the eye is highly vascularized
Choroid
The choroid is thin over the __________ of the eye ball
Posterior two-third
The brain stem is made up of these 3 structures:
- Mid brain
- Pons
- Medulla Oblangata
What is the largest part of the human brain?
Cerebrum
The ______________ is the hunger and thirst center of the brain
Hypothalamus
The ________________ is the part of the brain that maintains equilibrium
Cerebellum
A patient was involved in a car accident and brain scan showed damage to the medulla oblangata.
What is the role of the medulla oblangata?
- Regulates cardiac and breathing activity
- Serves as reflex center for vomiting, coughing, sneezing
What steps take place in the reflex arc?
The protein present in the rods of the rtina is ______________
Rhodopsin
The __________ __________ extends to form the iris
Ciliary Body
Name the anterior portion of the Sclera
Cornea
________ __ is required for the formation of Rhodopsin
Vitamin A
What is the role of ossicles in the middle ear?
They amplify sound waves into the inner ear
The ear consists of three parts: External/Outter , Middle and Internal/Inner Ear.
What structures are found in the External Ear?
- Pinna
- External Auditory Canal
