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BIOLOGY PU 2 > Ch 3. Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Ch 3. Human Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Scrotum is a pouch like structure present outside the abdominal cavity and holds testes.

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2
Q

Scrotum in human males is situated outside the abdomen. What is the significance of this?

A

Significance: Lower temperature is necessary for spermatogenesis.

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3
Q

What are seminiferous tubules?

A

Seminiferous tubules are highly coiled structures present within the testes in which sperms are produced.

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4
Q

Name the functional units of testis where spermatogenesis occurs.

A

Seminiferous tubules.

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5
Q

Write the function of Leydig cells

A

Leydig cells synthesise and secrete testosterone

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6
Q

Name the cells of testis that synthesise and secrete androgens

A

Leydig cells

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7
Q

Mention the type of cells which provide nutrition to spermatogonia

A

Sertoli cells also called nurse cells.

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8
Q

Mention one function of sertoli cells

A

Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells.

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9
Q

Sertoli cells are very much essential during spermatogenesis. Why?

A

Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells.

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10
Q

Name an accessory duct of the male reproductive system in humans.

A

Rete testis. Vasa efferentia, Epididymis and Vas deferens.

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11
Q

Name an accessory gland of the male reproductive system in humans.

A

Seminal vesicle, Prostate and bulbourethral gland.

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12
Q

What is urethral meatus?

A

The urethra extends through the penis to its external opening called urethral meatus.

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13
Q

What is glans penis?

A

The enlarged end of penis is called glans penis.

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14
Q

What is foreskin?

A

Glans penis is covered by a loose fold of skin called foreskin

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15
Q

What is seminal plasma?

A

Seminal plasma includes the secretions of seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands and is rich in fructose, calcium and certain enzymes.

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16
Q

Mention two functions of sertoli cells.

A
  1. Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells.
  2. Provides site for attachment of sperm head.
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17
Q

Name the honnones secreted by Leydig’s cells and corpus leuteum

A

Leydig’s cell - Androgen (Testosterone) Corpus luteum - progesterone

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18
Q

Name an accessory duct of the female reproductive system in humans.

A

Oviducts (fallopian tube), uterus and vagina

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19
Q

Name the funnel shaped part of the fallopian tube which lies close to the ovary

A

lnfundibulum

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20
Q

Name the finger-like projections present at the edges of the infundibulum of oviduct

A

Fimbriae

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21
Q

Name the middle part of the oviduct or fallopian tube

A

Ampulla

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22
Q

Name the last part of the oviduct or fallopian tube

A

Isthmus

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23
Q

What is birth canal?

A

Cervical canal along with vagina forms the birth canal.

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24
Q

Name the inner glandular layer of the uterus

A

Endometrium

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25
Q

Name the layer of uterus which undergoes cyclical changes during menstrual cycle

A

Endometrium

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26
Q

Name the layer of the uterus which exhibits strong contractions during parturition

A

Myometrium

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27
Q

What is the hymen?

A

The opening of the vagina is covered partially by a membrane called hymen.

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28
Q

Mention any four parts of the external genitalia in human females

A

Mons pubis, Labia majora, Labia minora, Clitoris.

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29
Q

Mention any two hormones secreted by ovary

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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30
Q

Mention the events that occur during the folloicular phase of menstrual cycle

A
  1. The increased levels of the pituitary hormones, LH and FSH induce the growth of primary follicles in the ovary.
  2. The growing follicles secrete estrogen which also helps in ovulation.
  3. The primary follicles in the ovary grow to become a fully mature Graafian follicle while the endometrium of the uterus regenerates through proliferation.
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31
Q

Define gametogenesis

A

Gametogenesis is a process in whic h the primary sex organs, testis in males and ovaries produce gametes, sperms and eggs respectively

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32
Q

Define spermatogenesis.

A

Spermatogenesis is a process in which immature male germ cells (spermatogonia) produce sperms.

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33
Q

What is the ploidy of primary spermatocytes?

A

2n-diploid

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34
Q

What is the ploidy of secondary spermiatocytes

A

n - haploid

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35
Q

What is the ploidy of spermatids

A

n - haploid

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36
Q

What would be the number of chromosome in the spermatids

A

Spermatids are haploid and they have 23 chromosomes each in human males.

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37
Q

Define spermiogenesis

A

Spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa (sperms) by the process called spermiogenesis.

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38
Q

Write the schematic representation of spermatogenesis

A
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39
Q

Briefly explain the role of three hormones during spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis starts at the age of puberty due to increase in secretion of GnRH. It acts on anterior pituitary gland stimulates secretion of LH and FSH.

LH acts at the Leydig cells and stimulates secretion of androgens.

They inturn stimulate spematogenesis. FSH acts on sertoli cells and stimulate secretion of some factors which help in spermiogenesis.

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40
Q

Write the schematic representation of oogenesis

A
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41
Q

Define spermiation

A

Sperms are finally released from the seminiferous tubules by the process called spermiation

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42
Q

What does GnRH stands for

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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43
Q

Mention the role of LH during spermatogenesis

A

LH acts at the Leydig cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of androgens.

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44
Q

In the absence of LH, spermatogenesis does not occur. Why?

A

In the absence of Luteinizing Hormone, the Leydig cells are not stimulated to produce Testosterone and the androgens required for spermatogenesis.

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45
Q

Mention the role of FSH in spermiogenesis

A

FSH acts on the sertoli cells which provide nutrition to the germ cells (spermatogonia) that undergo spermiogenesis.

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46
Q

In the absence of FSH, spermiation does not occur. Why?

A
47
Q

Name the cap-like structure that covers the nucleus of the sperm anteriorly

A

Acrosome

48
Q

Mention the role of acrosome

A

Acrosome is filled with enzymes that help sperm to penetrate the ovum.

49
Q

What is semen?

A

The seminal plasma along with the sperms is semen.

50
Q

Define oogenesis

A

The process of formation of a mature female gametes is called oogenesis.

51
Q

Name the stage of meiosis in which the primary oocytes exist

A

Prophase - I

52
Q

What are primary ovarian follicles

A

Each primary oocyte gets surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells called primary ovarian follicle.

53
Q

What are secondary ovarian follicles?

A

The primary follicle get surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells and a new theca called secondary ovarion follicle.

54
Q

What are tertiary ovarian follicles?(

A

The tertiary follicles is characterised by a fluid filled cavity called antrum. The theca layer is organized into an inner theca intema and an outer theca externa.

55
Q

Name the cavity of tertiary follicles and Graafian follicles.

A

Antrum

56
Q

Define ovulation

A

Ovulation is a process of release of secondary oocyte from ovary.

57
Q

Differentiate spermiogenesis from spermiation

A

Spermiogenesis: The process of transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa (sperms).

Spermiation: Release of sperms from seminiferous tubules is called spermiation.

58
Q

What is the role of FSH in spermiation

A

FSH acts on sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of some factors which helps in the process of spermiation .

59
Q

Define menstrual cycle

A

The cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one in human females is called menstrual cycle.

60
Q

What is menarche?(

A

The first menstruation begins at puberty and is called menarche.

61
Q

What is menopause?The permanent stoppage of menstrual cycle is termed as menopa use.

A

The permanent stoppage of menstrual cycle at the end of the reproductive phase is termed as menopause.

62
Q

During which phase of the menstrnal cycle the endometrial lining of uterus and its blood vessels breakdown resulting in bleeding?

A

Menstrual phase

63
Q

Mention a gonadotropin which promotes follicular development during menstrual cycle

A

LH - Luteinizing Hormone

FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone

64
Q

Name the ho rmone which induces the rupturing of Graafian follicle

A

LH

65
Q

Name a hormone which induces ovulation

A

LH

66
Q

Ovulation takes place on the 14th day of menstrual cycle. Why?

A

LH surge induces rupture of Graafian follicle and thereby ovulation, takes place on 14th day of menstrual cycle.

67
Q

During which phase of the menstrual cycle the mature Graafian follicle ruptures to release the ovum?

A

Ovulatory phase

68
Q

During which phase of the menstrual cycle corpus luteum is formed?

A

Luteal phase

69
Q

Name the hormone secreted by corpus luteum.

A

Progesterone

70
Q

Mention the function of progesterone

A

It maintains the thickness of endometrium which is necessary for implantation and maintenance of pregnancy.

71
Q

What is menstrual cycle?

Name the hormones which regulate menstrual cycle

A

Cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one is called menstrual cycle.

Hormones that regulate menstrual cycle are FSH, estrogen, LH and Progesterone.

72
Q

Name the gonadotropins whose concentration gradually increases during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle.(

A

LH and FSH

73
Q

Mention two events that occur during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle

A
  1. LH and FSH stimulates the follicular development
  2. Growing follicle secretes estrogen.
74
Q

Define ovulation. Mention the hormone that induces ovulation

A

Release of ovum/ secondary oocyte from ovary is called ovulation.

LH induces ovulation

75
Q

Mention two events that occur during the luteal phase of menstrual cycle.

A
  1. Graafian follicle transforms as the corpus luteum and secretes progesterone.
  2. Progesterone thickness the endometrium and prepares for implantation.
76
Q

Differentiate menarche and menopause

A

Menarche: The first menstruation begins at puberty is called menarche.

Menopause: Premanent stoppage of menstrual cycle around 50 years of age is called menopause

77
Q

What is coitus?

A

It is process of introducing penis into vagina to facilitate the transfer of gametes.

78
Q

What is insemination?

A

During coitus semen is released by the penis into the vagina is called insemination

79
Q

Define fertilization

A

The process of fusion of a spenn with an ovum is called fertilization

80
Q

In which part of the fallopian tube of the female reproductive system fertilization occurs?

A

Ampullaryisthmic junction of fallopian tube

81
Q

Why all copulations do not lead to fertilization and pregnancy in healthy couple?

A

Fertilization can only occur if the ovum and sperms are transported simultaneously to the ampullaryisthmic junction.

82
Q

When does the secondary oocyte complete second meiotic division

A

Soon after penetration of sperm into ovum.

83
Q

Define cleavage

A

Cleavage is the mitotic division which starts as the zygote moves through the isthmus of the oviduct.

84
Q

What is trophoblast

A

Trophoblast is cells the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and later develops into a major part of the placenta.

85
Q

Why the cells of the inner cell mass ofblastocyst are called stern cells

A
86
Q

What are stem cells?(

A

The cells which have the potency to give rise to all the tissue and organs are called stem cells.

87
Q

Define implantation

A

Embedding of blastocyst in the endometrium of uterus is called implantation.

88
Q

Define fertilization.

In which part of the fallopian tube of the female reproductive system does fertilization occur

A

The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum is called fenilisation.

It takes place in the ampullary isthmic junction of fallopian tube.

89
Q

Name the finger like projections that appear on the trophoblast after the implantation.

A

Chorionic villi

90
Q
A
91
Q

Define placenta?

A

The structural and functional unit between develop ing embryo (foetus) and maternal body called place nta.

92
Q

Expand hCG.

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

93
Q

Expand hPL

A

Human placental lactogen

94
Q

Mention any one hormone secreted by the placenta

A

hCG

95
Q

Mention one function of placenta.

A

Placenta acts as foetal endocrine gland.

96
Q

Mention the hormone produced only during pregnancy by the ovary in human females

A

Relaxin

97
Q

Which part of the female reproductivesystem produces relaxin?

A

Ovary

98
Q

In which month of pregnancy, embryo’s heart is fonned?

A

After one month of pregnancy.

99
Q

In which month of human pregnancy, fetus develops limbs and digits?

A

By the end of the second month of pregnancy.

100
Q

At which month of pregnancy first foetal movement and appearance of hair on head can be noticed?

A

During fifth month

101
Q

Mention the functions of placenta

A
  1. It facilitates the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and also removal of CO2 and excretory waste produced by embryo.
  2. It acts as an endocrine gland and secrete hormones like hcG, hpL, estrogen, progestogens and relaxin.
102
Q

What is placenta?

Mention any two hormones secreted by placenta

A
  1. Placenta is the structural and functional unit between developing embryo (foetus) and maternal body
  2. hCG and hPL
103
Q

Name any four hormones which increase several folds in maternal blood during pregnancy.

A

Estrogen, Progestogen, Cortisol, prolactin, thyroxin

104
Q

What is gestation period?

A

The average duration of human pregnancy is about 9 months which is called the gestation period.

105
Q

Define parturition

A

The process of delivery of the foetus (child birth) is called parturition .

106
Q

What is foetal ejection reflex?

A

The signals for parturition originate from the fully developed foetus and the placenta which induce mild uterine contractions called foetal ejection reflex.

107
Q

Name a hormone which induces parturition

A

oxytocin

108
Q

Why is oxytocin is necessary for parturition?

A

Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscle and causes stronger uterine contractions.

109
Q

Define lactation

A

The mammary glands of the female undergo differentiation during pregnancy and starts producing milk towards the end of pregnancy by the process called lactation.

110
Q

What is colostrum?

A

The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called colostrum.

111
Q

“Colostrum is considered as essential for newborn baby”. Why?

A

Colostrum contains several antibodies absolutely essential to develop resistance for the new - born babies.

112
Q

Define parturition

Name the hormone released by the pituitary which induces parturition

A

The process of delivery of the foetus (child birth) is called parturition.

Oxytocin is the hormone released by the pituitary to induce parturition.

113
Q

Men tion the function of progesterone and oxytocin

A

Progesterone: It triggers the endometrium lining to thicken to accept a fertilized egg and helps to maintain the pregnancy after fertilization.

Oxytocin: It acts on the uterine muscle to cause strong uterine contractions needed for the expulsion of the baby out of the uterus.

114
Q

Explain the neuroendocrine mechanism which induces parturition

A

Parturition is induced by a complex neuroendocrine mechanism. The signals for parturition originate from the fully developed foetus and the placenta which induce mild uterine contractions called foetal ejection reflex. This triggers release of oxytocin from the maternal pituitary.

BIOLOGY PU 2 (15 decks)

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