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BIOLOGY PU 2 > Ch 1. Reproduction in Organisms > Flashcards

Ch 1. Reproduction in Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Define reproduction

A

The biological process in which an organism gives rise to offspring similar to itself.

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2
Q

What is the significance of reproduction?

A

It is responsible for the continuation of life

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3
Q

What is a life span?

A

The period from birth to the natural death of organisms

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4
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

When an offspring is produced by a single parent without the formation and fusion of gametes.

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5
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

When two parents (opposite sex) participate in the reproductive process involving the fusion of male and female gametes..

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6
Q

Offsprings produced from asexual reproduction are clones.

Why?

A

Offsprings produced from asexual reproduction are produced from a single parent and are genetically and morphologically identical to the parent.

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7
Q

Name two organisms in which cell division itself is a mode or reproduction.

A
  1. protists
  2. monerans

The parent cell divides into two giving rise to a new individual

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8
Q

Name an organism that undergoes asexual reproduction by means of

  1. conidia
  2. budding
  3. zoospores
  4. gemmules
A
  1. Conidia of Penicillium
  2. Budding in Hydra
  3. Zoospores of Chlamydomonas
  4. Gemmules in sponges
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9
Q

Which organism undergoes asexual reproduction by means of encystations and sporulation.

A

Amoeba

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10
Q

What is encystation?

A

When an Amoeba withdraws its pseudopodia and secretes a three layered hard covering or cyst around itself, due to unfavorable conditions

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11
Q

What is a gemmule?

A

Internal buds, composed of a cluster of cells, capable of giving rise to new individuals are called gemmules.

E.g., Fresh water sponges produce gemmules under unfavourable conditions.

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12
Q

What are vegetative propagules?

Give two examples.

A

Structures or units of vegetative propagation in plants that are capable of giving rise to new offspring

Ex: Runner rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset, bulb, etc.

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13
Q

Name the vegetative propagules in potato, ginger, water hyacinth, Agave, onion and Bryophyllum

A

Potato – eyes

Ginger – rhizome

water hyacinth – offset

Agave – bulbil

Onion – bulb

Bryophyllum – leaf buds

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14
Q

What is the juvenile phase of life span?

A

The period of growth of an organism from its birth to reproductive maturity

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15
Q

What is reproductive phase oflife span?

A

The duration in life during which an organism produces gametes and further progeny.

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16
Q

What is senescent phase of life span?

A

The post reproductive phase when ageing followed by death

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17
Q

Mention the scientific name of a plant which produces flowers once in twelve years?

A

Strobilanthus kunthiana (neelakuranji) found in the hilly areas of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

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18
Q

Name the reproductive cycle that occurs in females which are seasonal

A

Oestrus cycle

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19
Q

What are seasonal breeders?

A

Animal species that mate and produce offspring only during certain times of the year

Ex: Lizards, frogs, rats, dogs, horses, sheep, goats, deer, etc.

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20
Q

What are continuous or non-seasonal breeders?

A

Animals that are reproductively active throughout the reproductive phase and can mate and produce offspring at any time of the year

E.g., poultry, cows, rabbits, monkeys, apes and human beings.

21
Q

The process of formation of the male and female gametes in the primary sex organs is called __________________

A

Gametogenesis

22
Q

Gametes that are similar in appearance and cannot be morphologically distinguished into male and female gametes are called __________________ or _____________

Ex: Cladophora (alga)

A

homogametes or isogametes

23
Q

Gametes which are dissimilar in appearance and can be morphologically distinguished into male and female gametes are called ____________

Ex: Homo sapiens (humans)

A

heterogametes

24
Q

What are monoecious plants and dioecious plants?

A

monoecious plants.

Plants in which both male and female flowers are borne on the same individual (E.g., Corn (maize). )

dioecious plants.

Plants in which the male and female flowers are borne on the different individuals (E.g., Papaya)

25
Q

True or False:

Cucurbita is called dioecious plant

A

False:

Cucurbita is called monoecious plant

26
Q

True or False:

Papaya plant is dioecious plant.

A

True: Papaya plant is dioecious plant.

27
Q

Mention two examples of monoecious plants.

A
  1. Cucurbits
  2. Coconuts
  3. Chara
  4. Hibiscus
28
Q

What is a staminate flower? Give one example.

A

A unisexual flower producing only stamens and no pistils

Ex: Cucumber

29
Q

A unisexual flower producing only pistils and no stamens is called __________________

Ex: Corn

A

pistillate

30
Q

What are hermaphrodites? Give example.

A

The animals species (bisexual) that possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual. E.g. Earthworm, Leech.

31
Q

What are prefertilization events?

A

Prefertilization events are the events that precede the fusion of gametes. They are:

  1. Gametogenesis – formation of male and female gametes and
  2. Gamete transfer – bringing the male and female gametes together.
32
Q

Specialized diploid cells present in the primary sex organs of sexually reproducing organisms, which undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes are called _________

A

meiocytes

33
Q

Number of male gametes are much higher to that of female gametes in organisms. Why?

A

During the movement of the male gametes towards the female gamete for fertilization, a large number of them are destroyed or lose their viability.

To compensate for this loss, the number of male gametes produced is much higher than that of female gametes.

34
Q

Define fertilization or syngamy

A

Fertilization or syngamy refers to the fusion of male and female gametes resulting in the formation of a diploid zygote

35
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

a form of asexual reproduction in which a female gamete develops into a new individual without fertilization.

Examples: honey bees, ants, birds.

36
Q

External fertilization is disadvantageous compared to internal fertilization.

Why?

A

In external fertilization, formation and development of the zygote takes place outside the body of the female and hence the offspring are extremely vulnerable to predators in the environment.

37
Q

the process of development of embryo from the zygote by cell division (mitosis) and cell differentiation is called ______________

A

Embryogenesis

38
Q

What are oviparous animals? Give one example.

A

Oviparous animals are those that lay eggs and development of the zygote takes place outside the body of the female parent.

E.g., reptiles and birds.

39
Q

What are viviparous animals? Give examples.

A

Viviparous animals are those in which the zygote develops inside the body of the female parent so that it directly gives birth to young ones.

Ex: Mammals

40
Q

Which part of the flower develops into fruit?

A

Ovary

41
Q

What is Pericarp?

A

the protective tissue which is formed from the wall of the ripened ovary surrounding the seed of a fruit.

42
Q

Mention important differences between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

A

Asexual Reproduction

  1. Only one individual participates in the reproductive process.
  2. It does not involve fusion of gametes.

Sexual Reproduction

  1. Two individuals of opposite sex participate in the reproductive process.
  2. It involves fusion of male and female gametes.
43
Q

What are vegetative propagules?

Give two examples.

A

Vegetative propagules are negetative units of plants, capable of giving rise to new offsprings.

  1. runne
  2. rhizome
  3. sucker
  4. tubes
44
Q

Write differences between menstrual and oestrous cycle.

A

Oestrus cycle

  1. It occurs in non-primates (cows, dogs, etc)
  2. Ovulation, copulation and production of offspring occurs only during the heat period.
  3. The endometrium shed is absorbed by the walls of the uterus.

Menstrual cycle

  1. It occurs in primates (Humans, apes, etc)
  2. Ovulation, copulation and offspring production can occur any time during the reproductive phase.
  3. The endometrium shed is expelled from the uterus along with blood.
45
Q

List important differences between seasonal breeders and continuous breeders.

A

Seasonal Breeders

  1. These are the organisms which mate or breed during certain seasons of the year. E.g., Lizards, frogs, rats, dogs, horses, sheep, goats, deer, etc.
  2. The females have one or more oestrus cycles during the mating period.
  3. Both females and males are sexually active due to physiological changes only during the heat period and inactive at other times.

Continuous Breeders

  1. These are the organisms which mate or breed throughout the year irrespective of the season. E.g., poultry, cows, rabbits, monkeys, apes and human beings.
  2. The females have menstrual cycles throughout the reproductive phase.
  3. The females are sexually more receptive during ovulation while males do not undergo physiological changes and so remain active always.
46
Q

Distinguish between homogametes and heterogametes.

A

Homogametes

  1. The male and female gametes are similar in appearance.
  2. They are produced by some algae and fungi.
  3. The common examples are Rhizopus and Ulothrix.

Heterogametes

  1. The male and female gametes are morphologically dissimilar.
  2. They are produced by the sexually developed organisms.
  3. The common examples are gymnosperms and angiosperms.
47
Q

List differences between external and internal fertilization.

A

External Fertilization

  1. Fertilization takes place outside the body of the organism. Examples: Fish, Amphibians, and most of the Algae, etc.
  2. The developing zygote is exposed to predators and adverse environmental conditions.
  3. Survival chances of offspring is very low, hence millions of eggs are produced.

Internal Fertilization

  1. Fertilization takes place inside the body of the female parent. Examples: Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Angiosperms and Gymnosperms.
  2. The developing zygote is protected from predators and adverse environmental conditions.
  3. Survival chances of offspring is very high, hence only one or few eggs are produced.
48
Q

List important differences between viviparous and oviparous modes of development.

A

Viviparous

  1. Animals gives birth to young ones
  2. Zygote does not develop within a calcareous shell.
  3. The development of zygote takes place inside the female body.
  4. Females deliver young ones and the chance of survival are more.

Oviparous

  1. Animals lays eggs.
  2. Zygote develops within a calcareous shell.
  3. The development of zygote takes place outside the female body.
  4. Females lay eggs m the safe place m the environment. But chance of survival are less.

BIOLOGY PU 2 (15 decks)

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