Ch 4. Reproductive Health Flashcards
Expand the abbreviation WHO.
World Health Organization
Define reproductive health according to WHO
A total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e., physical, emotional, behavioral and social.
In which year was family planning programme initiated in India?
In the year 1951.
What does RCH stand for
Reproductive and Child Health Care.
Name the current national programme in operation which is related to reproductive health
Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) Programme
Define Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis is a technique used to detect chromosomal abnormalities and sex of the foetus based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo
Name the foetal sex detennination test
Amniocentesis
Why statutory ban on amniocentesis is needed
It is needed to legally check increasing menace of female foeticides.
Mention one negative application of amniocentesis
It is misused to check foetal sex determination followed by female foeticide based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.
Expand the abbreviation CDRI, Lucknow
Central Drug Research Institute
Mention two objectives of action plans and programmes for reproductive health.
- Creating awareness among people about various reproduction related aspects
- Providing facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy society
Mention two means to create awareness among the people about problems regarding reproductive health.
- Introduction of sex education in schools
- Proper information about reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, safe and hygienic sexual practices, sexually transmitted infections (STI), AIDS, etc.
Mention two strategies to promote reproductive health
- Introduction of sex education in schools.
- Educating people of marriageable age group
What are the benefits of introducing sex education in schools?
- Introduction of sex education in schools. should be encouraged to provide right information to the young so as to discourage children from believing in myths and having misconceptions about sex related aspects.
- Proper information about reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, safe and hygienic sexual practices, sexually transmitted infections (STI), AIDS, etc., would help people, especially those in the adolescent age group to lead a reproductively healthy life.
List any two indicators that indicate a reproductively healthy society
- Better awareness about sex related matters
- Decrease in maternal mortality rates (MMR)
- Decrease in infant mortality rates (IMR)
- Decrease in social evils like sex abuse and sex related crimes.
What is the statutory marriageable age of males in India?
21 years
What is the statutory marriageable age of females in India
18 Years
What is family planning?
Planning for a small family by adopting scientific methods of birth control.
What are contraceptives
Contraceptives are methods or devices which prevent unwanted pregnancies / prevent conception.
The use of contraceptives has become very essential. Give reason
It is very essential to check population explosion
Name a natural method of contraception
Periodic Abstinence / Calendar method
Mention the principle involved in natural method of contraception
Avoiding chances of ovum and sperm meeting.
What is the advantage of natural method of contraception
Side effects are almost nil.
What is periodic abstinence
It’s a natural method of contraception jn which couples avoid or obstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected
Define withdrawal method of contraception
It’s a natural method of contraception in which the male partner withdraws penis from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination.
Use of condoms not only prevents conception, but also has additional benefits”. Justify with one reason
Its additional benefits of protecting the user from contracting STis (Sexually Transmitted Infections) and AIDS.
Avoiding coitus from 10th day to 17th day of menstrual cycle prevents conception. Why
- Because, chances of fertilization are very high during this period.
What is lactational amenonhea?
. Lactational amenonhea is absence of menstruation after parturition and due to intense lactation and absence of ovulation in this period, chances of fertilization are nil.
How contraceptive barriers prevent conception?
In barrier methods, ovum and sperm are prevented from meeting with the help of barriers.
What are condoms
Condoms are barriers made of thin rubber latex sheath that are used to cover the penis in the male or vagina and cervix in the female during the coitus
Name a popular brand of condom for the male.
‘Nirodh’
How do condoms act as effective contraceptive devices?
Condoms are used to cover the penis in the male or vagina and cervix in the female, just before coitus so that the ejaculated semen would not enter into the female reproductive tract.
What is the additional benefit of condom apart from being a contraceptive device
Protecting the user from contracting STI’s and AIDS.
What are diaphragms
Diaphragms are barriers made of rubber that are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus to prevent conception.
What are vaults?
Vaults are barriers made of rubber that are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus to prevent conception.
How do diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults act as contraceptive devices?
They prevent conception by blocking the entry of sperms through the cervix.
What are Intra Uterine Devices
Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) are mechanical devices that are made up of plastic, copper or stainless steel inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through vagina.
Expand the abbreviation IUDs
Intra Uterine Devices.
Where are IUDs inserted in the body of woman
IUDs are inserted in the uterus through vagina.
, Give an example for non-medicated IUDs
Lippes loop
Give an example for copper releasing IUDs
CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375
Give an example for hormone releasing IUDs
Progestasert and LNG-20
How do copper releasing IUDs prevent conception
IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and the Copper ions released suppress sperm motility and the feliilizing capacity of sperms.
Name an IUD that would be recommended to promote the cervix hostility to the sperms
Hormone releasing IUD such as progestasert and LNG-20.
What are oral contraceptives
Oral administration of small doses of either progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/ retard entry of sperms.
What is the hormonal composition of oral contraceptive used by females?
Small doses of either progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations.
Name ·once-a-week’ oral contraceptive pill.
“Saheli’
How do hormone releasing IUDs prevent conception
The horomone releasing IUDs, make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
What is sterilization method of contraception?
It is a terminal method of contraception in which surgical intervention blocks gamete transport and thereby prevent contraception
How do surgical methods prevent conception
Surgical intervention blocks gamete transport and thereby prevent conception.
Define vasectomy
Vasectomy is the surgical method in male, wherein a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum to prevent release of sperms.
How does vasectomy prevent conception
In vasectomy, a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum to prevent release of sperms.
Define tubectomy.
Tubectomy is a terminal method in females where a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina to prevent the passage of ovum into the uterus.
How does tubectomy prevent conception
In tubectomy, a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina which prevents the passage of ovum into the uterus.
What is the disadvantage of surgical method of contraception
These techniques are highly effective but their reversibility is very poor
Expand the abbreviation MTP
Medical Termination of Pregnancy
What is medical termination of pregnancy
Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortion.
What is induced abortion
Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called induced abortion.
When did Government of lndia legalize MTP
1971
Which period of pregnancy is considered as relatively safe for MTPs
MTPs are considered relatively safe during the first trimester, i.e., upto 12 weeks of pregnancy.
Mention two qualities of an ideal contraceptive
Qualities of an ideal contraceptive
- Easily available
- User-friendly
- Effective and reversible with no or least side-effects.
It should not interfere with the sexual drive, desire and/or the sexual act of the user.
A proper understanding of menstrual cycle can help immensely in family planning. If you agree with the statement, give reasons for your answer
A proper understanding of menstrual cycle can help the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.
As chances of fertilisation are very high during this period, it is called the fertile period. Therefore, by abstaining from coitus during this period, conception could be prevented.
Which days of menstrual cycle are identified as “fertile period’ and why?
10 to 17th days of menstrual cycle are identified as “fertile period” when ovulation could be expected and chances of fertilization are very high during this period.
Mention any four devices used as barriers by males and females to prevent conceptionMention any four devices used as barriers by males and females to prevent conception
- Condoms
- Diaphragms
- Cervical caps
- Vaults
Mention two benefits of condoms which are used as contraceptive devices
- condoms can prevent conception.
- Protects the user from contracting STls and AIDS
IUDs are ideal contraceptives for females who want to delay pregnancy. Justify with two reasons.
- IUDs are highly effective with 98-99% of success.
- The onset of action is immediate
- It is independent of sexual activity
- Action lasts for 3-10 years.
Briefly describe the principle of working of IUDs
IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and the Cu ions released suppress sperm and the fertilising capacity of sperms.
The hormone releasing IUDs, make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms
CuT can act as an effective contraceptive. Justify.(A) or Explain the contraceptive actions of Multiiload 375
Cu ions released by CuT, suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of spenns.
Progestasert can act as an effective contraceptive. Justify
Progestasert is the hormone releasing IUD, which makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
. Write the mode of action of oral contraceptives
Oral contraceptives contains small doses of either progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations. They inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/ retard entry of sperms.
Why do women use ‘Saheli’, the oral contraceptive pill as a well-accepted method?
Saheli -the new oral contraceptive for the females contains a non-steroidal preparation. It is a ‘once a week’ pill with very few side effects and high contraceptive value.
What are emergency contraceptives? Write their hormonal combination
These are the female contraceptive pills or IUDs used within 72 hours of coitus to avoid pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse.
They contain Hormonal combination progestogens or progestogen-estrogen.
When does medical termination of pregnancy become essential
It is essential to get rid of unwanted pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or failure of the contraceptive used during coitus or rapes.
MTPs are also essential in certain cases where continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both.
List the measures to check the population growth rate
- ‘One child nonns’ must be adopted
- Raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and that the male to 21 years.
- Incentives should be given to couples with small families.
- Motivate fertile couples to use contraceptive methods.
Explain natural methods of contraception
- Periodic abstinence
- withdrawal or coitus interruptions
- lactational amenorrhea
List the types of intra uterine devices with one example for each
- Non-medicated IUDs Ex: Lippes loop
- Copper releasing IUDs Ex: CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375
- Hormone releasing IUDs Ex: Progestasert, LNG-20
Intra uterine deices are ideal contraceptives for females who want to delay pregnancy. Justify with three reasons
- IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus
- The Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms.
- The hormone releasing IUDs, in addition, make the uterus unsuitab.le for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
What are sexually transmitted infections
Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are collectively called sexually transmitted infections (STI) or venereal diseases (VD) orreproductive tract infections (RTI).
What are venereal diseases?
Diseases which are transmitted through sexual intercourse collectively are called venereal diseases
Expand the abbreviation STI.
- Sexually Transmitted Infection
Expand the abbreviation VD
Venereal Diseases
Expand the abbreviation PID.
Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases
What are reproductive tract infections
Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are collectively called reproductive tract infections (RTI).
Sharing of injection needles by two individuals is not recommended. Why?
Because, some of the infections like hepatitis-B and HIV can be transmitted by sharing of injection needles.
List any four reproductive tract infections
Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Genital herpes, Chlamydiasis, Genital warts, Trichomoniasis.
List any four sexually transmitted diseases
Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Genital herpes, Chlamydiasis, Genital warts, Trichomoniasis, Hepatitis-B and AIDS
Mention four early symptoms of STI that occur in the genital region
Early symptoms of most of STI’s are minor and include itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swellings, etc., in the genital region.
List the complications a person suffers from untreated sexually transmitted diseases
- pelvic inflammatory disease
- still births
- infertility
- abortion
- ectopic pregnancies
- cancer of the reproductive tract
List any two preventive measures of STI
- Avoiding sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.
- Always using condoms during coitus.
List the modes of transmission of HIV
- Sharing of injection needles, surgical instruments, etc., with nfected persons
- Transfusion of blood
- From an infected mother to the foetus.
List the modes of transmission of hepatitis-B infection
- Transmitted by sharing of injection needles, surgical instruments, etc., with infected persons
- Transfusion of blood
- From an infected mother to the foetus.
Define infertility
Inability of an individual to produce children inspite of unprotected sexual co-habitation.
Expand the abbreviation IVF-ET
In-Vitro fertilization and Embryo transfer
Expand the abbreviation ZIFT
Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer
Expand the abbreviation GIFT
Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer
Expand the abbreviation IUT
Intra Uterine Insemination
Expand the abbreviation ICSI
Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.
Expand the abbreviation GIFT
Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer
Expand the abbreviation IUT
Intra Uterine Insemination
Expand the abbreviation ICSI
Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
What is In-vitro fertilization
IVF is the fertilization which occurs outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the body.
Define in-vivo fertilization
It’s the fusion of gametes within the female reproductive tract.
What is Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer
Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female, who cannot produce ova but can provide a suitable environment for fertilization.
What is Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer
This is a type of assisted reproductive technique for infertility where zygotes (with upto 8 blastomeres) are transferred into the oviducts after invitro fertilization.
What is Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (JCSI) is specialized procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory in which a sperm is directly injected into the ovum.
Define Intra-uterine insemination(IUI)
This is technique where the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the uterus of the female.
What is artificial insemination?
In this technique, the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus of the female.
Name the method of obtaining an embryo in the laboratory by direct injection of a spem1 into ovum.
Intra Cytoplasmic sperm Injection
Which is the correct assisted reproductive technique when male partner fails to inseminate or produce semen with low sperm count in the ejaculates
Artificial insemination (AI)
Suggest an assisted reproductive technique that can help the couple to have a child where the problem is with the male partner.CA)
Artificial insemination
Name a contraceptive device that inhibits ovulation and implantation
Oral Pills
Mention one Assisted Reproductive Technology
GIFT/ ZIFT I IVF-ET
Mention the reasons for infertility
The reasons for infertility could be physical, congenital diseases, drugs, immunological or psychological
List the types of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs)
- Artificial insemination (AI)
- Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT)
- Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT)
- Invitro Fertilization & Embryo Transfer (IVF-ET)
- Intra cytoplasmic spem1 injection (ICSI)
Suggest any two ARTs that can help the couple to have a child where the problem is with the female partner.
- Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT)
- Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT)
- Invitro Fertilization & Embryo Transfer (IVF-ET)
Explain the procedures involved in GIFT and Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
In GIFT (gamete intra fallopian transfer) Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one, but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further development is another method attempted.
Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is specialized procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory in which a sperm is directly injected into the ovum.
Name the two regions of female’s reproductive system into which the zygote or embryos are transferred in Embryo Transfer technique
- Fallopian Tube
- Uterus
Explain the technique that can help a healthy married woman who is unable to produce viable ova but can provide a suitable environment for fertilization and further development and wants to bear a child.
GIFT (Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer)
Suggest any three ARTs that can help the couple to have a child where the problem is with the male partner
- Artificial insemination
- ZIFT
- IVF
Write the steps involved in the creation of “test tube baby”
- Ova from the wife/donor (female) and sperms from the husband/donor (male) are collected
- Induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory
- The zygote or early embryos (with upto 8 blastomeres) could be transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT-zygote intra fallopian transfer)
- Embryos with more than 8 blastomeres, into the uterus (IUT - intra uterine transfer), to complete its further development.
Explain any three methods employed to assist infertile couples to have children
- GIFT
- ZIFT
- Artificial Insemination
What are Assisted Reproductive technologies (ARTs)
- ZIFT
- GIFT
List any six reproductive tract infections
- Gonorrhea
- syphillis
- chlamydia
- genital herpes
- genital warts
- trichomoniasis
List three principles through which one could be free of STis
- Avoiding sex with unknown partners/multiple paiiners.
- Always using condoms during coitus.
- In case of doubt, consulting qualified doctor for early detection and getting complete treatment if diagnosed with disease.
Define venereal disease. Mention any two modes of transmission of HIV or Hepatitis B virus
Diseases which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are collectively called venereal diseases (VD) or sexually transmitted Infections (STI).
What do you understand by ICSI
Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI): Specialized procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory in which a sperm is directly injected into the ovum
. What do you understand by Artificial Insemination
Artificial insemination (AI) : In this technique, the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus (JUI - intra-uterine insemination) of the female
What do you understand by IUI
In this technique, the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the uterus of the female.
