Chapter 20. Locomotion and Movement Flashcards
What are four different types of movements noted among organisms?
- Amoeboid movement
- Ciliary movement
- Flagellar Movement
- Muscular Movement
Muscle tissue orginates from this germ layer
Mesoderm
Muscles exhibit four properties.
What are they?
Explain what that property means.
(1) Excitability: Ability for muscles to respond to a stimulus
(2) Contractility: Ability of muscles to shorten
(3) Extensibility: Ability for muscle to stretch
(4) Elasticity: Ability for muscle to return to normal length after stretching
There are three types of muscles.
What are they?
- Striated
- Non-Striated
- Cardiac
Draw and label an actin filament
Draw and label a myosin filament
What is the sliding filament theory?
This theory is used to describe uscle contraction. States that contraction of muscles occur by the sliding of actin (thin) filaments over myosin (thick) filaments.
Describe the Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
***only jot down key points
What happens when Calcium is pumped back into the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?
- There is masking of actin filament
- Z lines return to their original position resulting in a relaxed muscle.
When muscle contraction is over, calcium gets pumped back into the _______________ ________________.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Repeated activation of muscles can lead to the accumulation of __________ _________ due to the break down of glycogen
Lactic Acid
What are red fibers
When myoglobin content is high it gives the muscles a more red color called red fibers
What are white fibers?
When myoglobin content is low, it is not as red and are called white fibers
What are the properties of aerobic muscles
Carry out slow and sustained contractions for a long time
(ex: Marathon runner)
What are the properties of the anaerobic muscles?
The muscles carry fast, dynamic movements
Ex: weight lifters
Name two differences between red fibers and white fibers
- Red fibers have more mitochondria and white fibers have less mitochondria
- Red fibers have high amounts of myoglobin, thus utlizing large amounts of oxygen and white fibers have less myoglobin
How many bones are there in the human body?
They are divided into the __________ skeleton and _____________ skeleton
206
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
- The axial skeleton is comprised of ____ bones distributed along the main axis of the body
- The axial skeleton is comprised of the following bones (1)_________ (2)_______ _______ (3) ______ (4) ______
- 80
- skull, veretebral column, sternum, ribs
This U-shaped bone is located at the buccal cavity of the skull
Hyoid Bone
The skull is comprised of how many bones
22
(8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones)
- Vertebrae is made up of how many bones?
26
•Each vertebrae has a hole called (1) ________ _______which the (2) ________ ___________ passes
- neural canal
- spinal cord
The vertebral column is broken up in different sections. What are they?
(a) Cervical vertebrae C1-7
(b) Thoracic vertebrae T1-T12
(c) Lumbar vertebrae L1-5
(d) Sacral region
(e) coccyx which is a fusion of 4 bones
Sternum consists of 3 bones. What are they
(1) Manubrium
(2) Body
(3) Xiphoid process
Ribs are made up of 12 pair of bones.
Describe the breakdown of these ribs.
Ribs 1-7= true ribs
Ribs 8, 9, 10= false ribs
Ribs 11, 12= floating ribs
Appendicular system
Made up of the bones of the limbs along with the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
What are the bones of the forelimb?
Humerus, radius, ulna
What are the bones of the hand?
- Bones of the hand
- Wrist bones= 8 in total
- Metacarpals or palm bones= 5 in total
- Phalanges or digit bones= 14 in number
What are the bones of the lower leg and how many bones at each site?
Bones of the leg are made up of
- Femur (thigh bone)
- Tibia and Fibula
- Tarsals (7 in total)
- Metatarsals (5 in total)
- Phalanges (14 in total)
- Patella
What two bones make up the pectoral girdle/
Consists of scapula and clavicle:
Shoulder joint is the articulation of these two sites
Head of humerus with Glenoid Fossa
The pelvic girdle is the fusion of three bones. What are they?
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
What are the two properties of joints?
- Joints are the points of contact between bones or bone and cartilage
- Joints act as a fulcrum for muscles to carry out movement
What are they 3 types of joints found in the body
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
- Name the different types of Synovial Joints
- Give an example of each
A patient comes into your hospital presenting with fatigue and progressive paralysis.
Tests show that the patient has an auto immune disorder that is affecting the patients neuromuscular junction.
What disorder can you assume that patient has?
Myasthenia Gravis
A patient has a medical history of a genetic disorder that results in the progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles.
When asked to flex at the hips, patient demonstrated a (+) Gower sign.
What disorder can you assume that patient has?
Muscular Dystrophy
A patient comes to your clinic and states that her hand is constantly spasming and contracting.
Blood work shows that the patient is low in calcium.
What disorder can you assume that patient has?
Tetany
A patient comes in with swollen knees. X Ray shows that her knee joint has lost cartilage and is now bone on bone.
What disorder can you assume that patient has?
Arthritis
An elderly womann came into your hospital and is complaining of back pain after lifting a heavy bag of rice.
X Ray was done show a fracture at the L2, L3 segment.
Further bone imaging showed a decrease in overall bone density.
What disorder can you assume that patient has?
Osteoporosis
Patient comes into your clinic with terrible pain in hisfoot. He states that his walking has changed and feels like he is walking on glass.
Tests showed he has an increase in uric acid that built up in his big toe.
What disorder can you assume that patient has?
Gout
Name two sites where you can find cartilagenous joints
- Vertebrae
- Ribs
What are they 5 types of synovial joints?
Name one location for each type
- Ball and sock= shoulder joint
- Hinge joint= knee joint
- Pivot joint= at the atlas
- Gliding joint= Between carpals
- Saddle joint= between carpal and metacarpals
The Fundamental Rights are located in which articles of the Constitution?
Articles 12 to 35
