Chapter 20. Locomotion and Movement

Question 1

What are four different types of movements noted among organisms?

Answer 1

1. Amoeboid movement
2. Ciliary movement
3. Flagellar Movement
4. Muscular Movement

Question 2

Muscle tissue orginates from this germ layer

Answer 2

Mesoderm

Question 3

Muscles exhibit four properties.

What are they?

Explain what that property means.

Answer 3

(1) Excitability: Ability for muscles to respond to a stimulus
(2) Contractility: Ability of muscles to shorten
(3) Extensibility: Ability for muscle to stretch
(4) Elasticity: Ability for muscle to return to normal length after stretching

Question 4

There are three types of muscles.

What are they?

Answer 4

1. Striated
2. Non-Striated
3. Cardiac

Question 5

Draw and label an actin filament

Answer 5

Question 6

Draw and label a myosin filament

Answer 6

Question 7

What is the sliding filament theory?

Answer 7

This theory is used to describe uscle contraction. States that contraction of muscles occur by the sliding of actin (thin) filaments over myosin (thick) filaments.

Question 8

Describe the Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

***only jot down key points

Answer 8

Question 9

What happens when Calcium is pumped back into the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 9

1. There is masking of actin filament
2. Z lines return to their original position resulting in a relaxed muscle.

Question 10

When muscle contraction is over, calcium gets pumped back into the _______________ ________________.

Answer 10

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 11

Repeated activation of muscles can lead to the accumulation of __________ _________ due to the break down of glycogen

Answer 11

Lactic Acid

Question 12

What are red fibers

Answer 12

When myoglobin content is high it gives the muscles a more red color called red fibers

Question 13

What are white fibers?

Answer 13

When myoglobin content is low, it is not as red and are called white fibers

Question 14

What are the properties of aerobic muscles

Answer 14

Carry out slow and sustained contractions for a long time

(ex: Marathon runner)

Question 15

What are the properties of the anaerobic muscles?

Answer 15

The muscles carry fast, dynamic movements

Ex: weight lifters

Question 16

Name two differences between red fibers and white fibers

Answer 16

1. Red fibers have more mitochondria and white fibers have less mitochondria
2. Red fibers have high amounts of myoglobin, thus utlizing large amounts of oxygen and white fibers have less myoglobin

Question 17

How many bones are there in the human body?

They are divided into the __________ skeleton and _____________ skeleton

Answer 17

206

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 18

1. The axial skeleton is comprised of ____ bones distributed along the main axis of the body
2. The axial skeleton is comprised of the following bones (1)_________ (2)_______ _______ (3) ______ (4) ______

Answer 18

• 80
• skull, veretebral column, sternum, ribs

Question 19

This U-shaped bone is located at the buccal cavity of the skull

Answer 19

Hyoid Bone

Question 20

The skull is comprised of how many bones

Answer 20

22

(8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones)

Question 21

• Vertebrae is made up of how many bones?

Answer 21

26

Question 22

•Each vertebrae has a hole called (1) ________ _______which the (2) ________ ___________ passes

Answer 22

1. neural canal
2. spinal cord

Question 23

The vertebral column is broken up in different sections. What are they?

Answer 23

(a) Cervical vertebrae C1-7
(b) Thoracic vertebrae T1-T12
(c) Lumbar vertebrae L1-5
(d) Sacral region
(e) coccyx which is a fusion of 4 bones

Question 24

Sternum consists of 3 bones. What are they

Answer 24

(1) Manubrium
(2) Body
(3) Xiphoid process

Question 25

Ribs are made up of 12 pair of bones. Describe the breakdown of these ribs.

Answer 25

Ribs 1-7= true ribs Ribs 8, 9, 10= false ribs Ribs 11, 12= floating ribs

Question 26

Appendicular system

Answer 26

Made up of the bones of the limbs along with the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle

Question 27

What are the bones of the forelimb?

Answer 27

Humerus, radius, ulna

Question 28

What are the bones of the hand?

Answer 28

* Bones of the hand * Wrist bones= 8 in total * Metacarpals or palm bones= 5 in total * Phalanges or digit bones= 14 in number

Question 29

What are the bones of the lower leg and how many bones at each site?

Answer 29

**_Bones of the leg are made up of_** 1. Femur (thigh bone) 2. Tibia and Fibula 3. Tarsals (7 in total) 4. Metatarsals (5 in total) 5. Phalanges (14 in total) 6. Patella

Question 30

What two bones make up the pectoral girdle/

Answer 30

Consists of scapula and clavicle:

Question 31

Shoulder joint is the articulation of these two sites

Answer 31

Head of humerus with Glenoid Fossa

Question 32

The pelvic girdle is the fusion of three bones. What are they?

Answer 32

1. ilium 2. ischium 3. pubis

Question 33

What are the two properties of joints?

Answer 33

1. Joints are the points of contact between bones or bone and cartilage 2. Joints act as a fulcrum for muscles to carry out movement

Question 34

What are they 3 types of joints found in the body

Answer 34

1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial

Question 35

1. Name the different types of Synovial Joints 2. Give an example of each

Answer 35

Question 36

A patient comes into your hospital presenting with fatigue and progressive paralysis. Tests show that the patient has an auto immune disorder that is affecting the patients neuromuscular junction. **What disorder can you assume that patient has?**

Answer 36

Myasthenia Gravis

Question 37

A patient has a medical history of a genetic disorder that results in the progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. When asked to flex at the hips, patient demonstrated a (+) Gower sign. **What disorder can you assume that patient has?**

Answer 37

Muscular Dystrophy

Question 38

A patient comes to your clinic and states that her hand is constantly spasming and contracting. Blood work shows that the patient is low in calcium. **What disorder can you assume that patient has?**

Answer 38

Tetany

Question 39

A patient comes in with swollen knees. X Ray shows that her knee joint has lost cartilage and is now bone on bone. ## Footnote **What disorder can you assume that patient has?**

Answer 39

Arthritis

Question 40

An elderly womann came into your hospital and is complaining of back pain after lifting a heavy bag of rice. X Ray was done show a fracture at the L2, L3 segment. Further bone imaging showed a decrease in overall bone density. **What disorder can you assume that patient has?**

Answer 40

Osteoporosis

Question 41

Patient comes into your clinic with terrible pain in hisfoot. He states that his walking has changed and feels like he is walking on glass. Tests showed he has an increase in uric acid that built up in his big toe. **What disorder can you assume that patient has?**

Answer 41

Gout

Question 42

Name two sites where you can find cartilagenous joints

Answer 42

1. Vertebrae 2. Ribs

Question 43

What are they 5 types of synovial joints? Name one location for each type

Answer 43

1. Ball and sock= shoulder joint 2. Hinge joint= knee joint 3. Pivot joint= at the atlas 4. Gliding joint= Between carpals 5. Saddle joint= between carpal and metacarpals

Question 44

The Fundamental Rights are located in which articles of the Constitution?

Answer 44

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