Chapter 2.1 Microscopy Flashcards
Cell theory, development of the microscope
Definition of microscope
Instrument which enables you to magnify an object hundreds, thousands or even hundreds of thousands of times.
Function of microscopes
They make the individual cells of multicellular organisms visible, allowing us to discover details of the structures and how these details relate to their functions.
1st type of microscope
Light microscope. Developed in 16th to 17th century
When could individual cells be seen
Mid 19th century
3 parts of cell theory
- both plant and animal tissue is composed of cells
- cells are the basic unit of all life
- cells only develop from existing cells
Benefits of light microscopy
Easily available
Relatively cheap
Can be used out in the field
Observe living and dead prepared specimens
History of light microscope
Romans experimented with glass
Objects looked bigger when viewed through glass that’s thicker in the middle than at the edges
13th century - invention of spectacles
Dutch spectacle makers invented telescope
Galileo Galilei developed compound microscope
Galileo instrument first to be named a microscope
Stage 1 of development of cell theory
1665 - Robert hooke observed the structure of thinly sliced cork
Used early light microscope
Described compartments as cells
Was observing dead plant tissue so he could only see cell walls
Stage 2 of development of cell theory
1674-1683
Leeuwenhoek developed technique for creating powerful glass lenses
Used handcrafted microscopes to examine samples of pond water
First to observe bacteria and protoctista ‘little animals’
Now called microorganisms
Observed red blood cells, sperm cells and muscle fibres
Stage 3 of development of cell theory
1832 - Dumortier observed cell division in plants
Disproved theory that New cells arise from within old cells
Disproved that cells formed spontaneously from non-cellular material
Virchow published these findings in 1855
Stage 4 of development of cell theory
1833 - Brown described plant cell nucleus
Stage 5 of development of cell theory
1837 - 1838
Schleiden- all plant tissues are composed of cells
Purkyně - used microtone to make ultra-thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination
Animals are composed of cells
Basic cellular tissue of animals is clearly analogous to that of plants
Schwann - all living things are composed of cells and cell products
Stage 6 of development of cell theory
1844 (1855) - Remak observed cell division within animal cells
Disproved that new cells originated from within old cells
Virchow plublis
Stage 7 of development of cell theory
1860 - Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation of cells.
Demonstrated that bacteria would only grow in sterile nutrient broth after being exposed to air
How does a compound light microscope work?
2 lenses - configuration allows for higher magnification, reduced chromatic aberration
objective lens (placed near specimen) produces magnified image,
eyepiece lens (where specimen is viewed) magnifies again
Illumination usually provided by light underneath sample
Opaque specimens an be illuminated from above