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Biology > 6.4 - The Organisation and Specialisation of Cells (unfinished) > Flashcards

6.4 - The Organisation and Specialisation of Cells (unfinished) Flashcards

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1
Q

List some specialised animal cells

A

Erythrocytes
Neutrophils
Sperm cells

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2
Q

List some specialised plant cells

A

Palisade cells
Root hair cells
Guard cells

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3
Q

List some specialised animal tissues

A

Squamous epithelium
Violated epithelium
Cartilage
Muscle

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4
Q

List some specialised plant tissues

A

Epidermis
Xylem tissue
Phloem tissue

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5
Q

What is are erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells.

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6
Q

How are erythrocytes specialised

A

Flattened biconcave shape - increases SA:V
Essential to role of transporting oxygen around body.
In mammals, they don’t have nuclei or many other organelles, increases space available for haemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen.
Flexible - can squeeze through narrow capillaries

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7
Q

What is a neutrophil

A

Type of white blood cell

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8
Q

How are neutrophils specialised

A

Multi-lobed nucleus - easier to squeeze through small gaps to get to the site of infections
Granular cytoplasm - contains many lysosomes that contain enzymes used to attack pathogens.

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9
Q

How are sperm cells specialised

A

Tail/flagellum - capable of movement
Many mitochondria - provide energy needed to swim
Acrosome on head of sperm - contains digestive enzymes which are released to digest protective layers around ovum and allow sperm to penetrate, leading to fertilisation.

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10
Q

How are palisade cells specialised

A

Rectangular box shaped - can be closely packed together to form a continuous layer
Thin cell walls - increasing rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide
Large vacuole - maintains turgor pressure
Chloroplasts - can move within cytoplasm in order to absorb more light

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11
Q

How are root hair cells specialised

A

Root hairs - long extensions which increase surface area of cell
This maximises uptake of water and minerals from the soil

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12
Q

How are guard cells specialised

A

Form stomata - necessary for carbon dioxide to enter plants for photosynthesis
After losing water - less swollen due to osmotic forces, change shape and stoma closes to prevent further water loss from plant.
Cell wall - thicker on one side so cell does not change shape symmetrically as volume changes.

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13
Q

How are squamous epithelium specialised

A

One cell thick - short diffusion distance so oxygen can be transferred quickly from lungs to the blood
Thin - made up of flat cells

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14
Q

How is ciliated epithelium specialised

A

Cilia - Hair like structures that move in a rhythmic manner causing mucus to be swept away from lungs (lines the trachea)
Goblet cells - release mucus to trap any unwanted particles present in the air. Prevent bacteria from reaching the lungs

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15
Q

How is cartilage specialised

A

Firm, flexible tissue composed of chondrocyte cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
Prevent ends of bones from rubbing together and causing damage
Many fish have whole skeletons made of cartilage

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16
Q

How is muscle specialised

A

Can contract to move different parts of the body
Different types of muscle fibres:
Skeletal - attached to bone
Myofibrils - contain contractile proteins

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17
Q

How is the epidermis specialised

A

Waxy, waterproof cuticle - reduce loss of water

Stomata - can open and close to allow CO2, water vapour and oxygen in and out

18
Q

How is xylem tissue specialised

A

Composed of vessel elements - elongated dead cells.

Walls are strengthened with waterproof lignin - provides structural support

19
Q

How is phloem tissue specialised

A

Composed of sieve tube elements separated by perforated walls called sieve plates

20
Q

Function neutrophils

A

Essential role in immune system

21
Q

Function of sperm cells

A

Deliver genetic information to female gamete

22
Q

Function of palisade cell

A

Present in mesophyll. Contain chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis

23
Q

Function of root hair cells

A

Present at surfaces of roots near growing tips. Take in minerals and water from soil

24
Q

Function of guard cells

A

To control size of the stomata

25
Q

What is cartilage

A

Connective tissue found in outer ear, nose and between bones. Contains elastin and collagen

26
Q

What is the epidermis

A

Single layer of closely packed cells covering the surfaces of plants

27
Q

Function of xylem

A

Vascular tissue responsible for transport of water through plants

28
Q

Unction of phloem tissue

A

Vascular tissue responsible for transport of organic nutrients (sucrose) from leaves and stems where it’s produced to all places in plant that need it.

29
Q

Definition of tissue

A

Collection of differentiated cells that have a specialised function/s. Therefore each tissue is adapted for a particular function within the organism

30
Q

4 main categories of tissues

A

Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue

31
Q

Why is nervous tissue adapted

A

To support the transmission of electrical impulses

32
Q

Why is epithelial tissue adapted

A

To cover body surfaces, internal and external

33
Q

Why is muscle tissue is adapted

A

To contract

34
Q

Why is connective tissue adapted

A

To hold tissues together or as a transport medium

35
Q

Different tissues in plants and adaptations

A

Epidermis - cover plant surfaces

Vascular tissue - transport of water and nutrients

36
Q

Definition of organ

A

Collection of tissues that are adapted to perform a particular function in an organism.

37
Q

Examples of organs

A

Mammalian heart - organ adapted for pumping blood around body. Made up of muscle and connective tissue
Leaf - adapted for photosynthesis. Contains epidermis tissues and vascular tissue.

38
Q

Definition of organ system

A

Present in large multi cellular organisms. Composed of a number of organs working together to carry out a major function in the body

39
Q

Digestive system

A

Takes in food.

Breaks down large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones.

Absorbs nutrients into blood.

Retains water needed by body

Removes any undo heated material from body

40
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Moves blood around body to provide effective transport system for substance it carries.

41
Q

Gaseous exchange system

A

Brings air into the body so oxygen can be extracted for respiration and carbon dioxide can be expelled.

Biology (23 decks)

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