3.5 - Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of lipids

A

Fats and oils

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2
Q

What is a lipid

A

Molecule containing elements C, H, O.

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3
Q

Why are lipids non polar

A

Electrons in outer orbitals that form the bonds are more evenly distributed than polar molecules. So no positive or negative areas within molecules and for this reason lipids are not soluble in water.

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4
Q

What is a triglyceride

A

One glycerol molecule with three fatty acids

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5
Q

What group of molecules does glycerol belong to

A

Alcohols

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6
Q

What group of molecules do fatty acids belong to

A

Carboxylic acids. They consist of a (-COOH) Group with hydrocarbon chain attached

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7
Q

What does glycerol have in common with the fatty acids that allows them to interact

A

Hydroxyl groups

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8
Q

What happen when hydroxyl groups between glycerol and fatty acids interact

A

Three water molecules and Ester bonds are formed

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9
Q

What is reaction between glycerol and fatty acids called

A

Esterification

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10
Q

What type of reaction is esterification

A

Condensation reaction

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11
Q

How do you break down triglycerides

A

3 water molecules are supplied to reverse reaction. Hydrolysis reaction.

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12
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

No double bonds present between carbon atoms. All carbon atoms form maximum number of bonds with hydrogen atoms.

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13
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Double bonds between some carbon atoms.

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14
Q

One double bond

A

Monounsaturated

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15
Q

2 or more double bonds

A

Polyunsaturated

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16
Q

Effect of presence of double bonds

A

Cause molecule to kink or bend so they can’t pack together as closely.
This makes them a liquid at room temperature rather than solids.
Described as oils.

17
Q

Type of triglyceride in plants

A

Unsaturated triglycerides, normally occur as oils. Tend to be more healthy in human diet than fats.

18
Q

What leads to coronary heart disease

A

Saturated fats. Evidence remains inconclusive as excess of any fat can lead to obesity which also puts strain on heart.

19
Q

What is a phospholipid

A

Modified triglyceride. Contains phosphorus, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

20
Q

Inorganic phosphate ions

A

Found in cytoplasm of every cell. Extra electrons, negatively charged, making them soluble in water.

21
Q

How are phospholipids modified

A

One of the fatty acid chains in triglyceride molecule is replaced with a phosphate group.

22
Q

How are phospholipids strange

A

Due to length, they have non polar tail (fatty acid chain) and a charged head (phosphate group). Non polar tails are hydrophobic and mix with fat, hydrophilic heads interact with and are attracted to water.

23
Q

Why are phospholipids called surfactants

A

They form a layer in surface of water with phosphate heads in water and fatty acid tails sticking out of water.

24
Q

Why are phospholipids good for forming cell membranes

A

They can form structures based on a two-layered sheet formation (bilayer).
Hydrophobic tails point toward centre, protected from water by hydrophilic heads
This allows them to separate aqueous environment in which cells exist from aqueous cytosol within cells.
It is thought that this is how first cells were formed, later on membrane-bound organelles within cells.

25
Q

What is a sterol

A

Steroid alcohol, another type of lipid found in cells.
They have dual hydrophobic/hydrophilic characteristics
Hydroxyl group is polar and hydrophilic, the rest of molecule is hydrophobic

26
Q

Example of a sterol

A

Cholesterol- body manufactures in liver and intestines.
Important role in formation of cell membranes, positioned between phospholipids with hydroxyl group at periphery of membrane.
Adds stability to cell membranes and regulates fluidity by keeping them fluid at low temperatures and stopping them from being too fluid at high temperatures.

27
Q

What is manufactured using cholesterol

A

Bile, vitamin D, steroid hormones

28
Q

Biological roles of lipids

A

Membrane formation
Hormone production
Electrical insulation necessary for impulse transmission
Waterproofing e.g. birds feathers and plants leaves

29
Q

Role of lipids for long term energy storage

A

Thermal insulation to reduce heat loss eg penguins
Cushioning to protect vital organs such as heart and kidneys
Buoyancy for aquatic animals like whales

30
Q

Identification of lipids

A

Emulsion test.

31
Q

How do you do the emulsion test

A

Sample is mixed with ethanol.
Resulting solution is mixed with water and shaken
If white emulsion forms later on top - lipid
If solution remains clear - negative result

32
Q

Problems with health advice

A
Validity of research not evaluated
Science not easy to explain
Difficult to isolate effects of one nutrient 
Data used in reports often flawed
Genetic differences
33
Q

Food synergy

A

Nutrients don’t work in isolation but as part of the combined effect of a whole range of nutrients.

34
Q

Example of food synergy

A

Whole grains have greater beneficial effect than any of their individual components
Combined effect of fish, fruit and vegetables that help prevent certain types of heart disease.