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micr finals review > Chapter 21 - Microbial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - Microbial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

septicemia

A

any microbial infection of the blood that produces an illness

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2
Q

bacteremia

A

bacterial septicemia

-often harmless

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3
Q

toxemia

A

release of bacterial toxins into the blood

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4
Q

lymphangitis

A

infection + inflammation of lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

*Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia

pathogens

A

Septicemia + Toxemia caused by various bacteria

  • -septi is most caused by Gram-neg
  • often opportunistic + nosocomial infections
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6
Q

*Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia

signs + symptoms

A
  • fever, chill, nausea, vomit, diarrhea, malaise, disseminated intravascular clotting, hypotension
  • -PETECHIAE
  • -toxemia symptoms vary on the toxin
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7
Q

*Petechiae

A

small hemorrhagic lesions

-can develop fr *Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia

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8
Q

*toxemia symptoms based on toxin type

A

*EXOTOXIN - released fr living microbes

ENDOTOXIN - released fr gram-neg

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9
Q

*Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia

virulence factors

A
  • bacteria that produce capsule may resist phagocytosis

- siderophores to capture iron needed for bacterial growth`

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10
Q

Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia

epidemiology

A
  • septicemia due to direct inoculation of bacteria into the blood
  • immunocompetent individuals rarely have septicemia (bacterial infections are self-limited)
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11
Q

*which type of bacteria produces more severe septicemia?

A

GRAM-NEG

  • due to release of ENDOTOXIN
  • activates various defensive rxn by the body
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12
Q

Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia

diagnosis

A

signs + symptoms

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13
Q

*Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia

treatment + *prevention

A

T- prompt diagnosis + antimicrobial drugs

P-includes immediate treatment of infections
*–important in individuals w compromised immune systm

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14
Q

4 potential effects of Endotoxin [Lipid A of LPS]

A

1 Fever
2 Disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC]
3 Inflammation
4 Shock

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15
Q

Shock from Endotoxins is caused by…

A

inflammation,

plasma loss, reduction of BP

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16
Q

*Endocarditis

Pathogen

A

viridans streptococci cause almost half of the cases

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17
Q

*Endocarditis

Pathogenesis + epidemiology

A
  • patients usually have obvious source of infection
  • -patients w abnormal hearts have increased risk
  • -results in vegetation in heart valves
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18
Q

*Endocarditis

Treatment + *prevention

A

T-treat w IV antibacterial drugs

*P- prophylactic antibiotics for high-risk patients when needed

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19
Q

Endocarditis

signs + symptoms

A

fever, fatigue, malaise, tachycardia (fast heart rate)

20
Q

*Lyme Disease

signs + symptoms

A

3 phases in untreated patients:
1 bull’s eye rash at infection site
2 neurological symptoms
3 severe arthritis

21
Q

*Lyme Disease

pathogen

A 
Borrelia Burgdorferi 
(Spirochete)
22
Q

Lyme Disease

virulence factors

A
  • use of manganese instead of iron circumvents host defense

- avoids immune detection by altering membrane proteins

23
Q

most reported vectore-borne disease in U.S.

A

lyme disease

24
Q

2 events that contribute to an increase in lyme disease

A

1 mvmt of human population into woodland areas

2 protection of deer population

25
Q

Lyme Disease

treatment + prevention

A

T-antimicrobial drugs used in early phase
–treatment in later phase is difficult

P-repellants containing DEET + protective clothing

26
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis aka kissing disease

Pathogen

A

Epstein-Barr virus
[EBV or HHV-4]

-establishes latent infection in host

27
Q

*Infectious Mononucleosis

epidemiology

A
  • -transmission occurs via saliva
  • -occurs more in teens/young adults
  • most adults have antibodies
  • EBV infects B lymph
28
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

diagnosis, treatment, +prevention

A

D-large lobed B cells + neutropenia

T-focus on relieving symptoms

P-difficult since EBV is widespread

29
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

signs + symptoms

A
  • severe sore throat + fever occur initially

- followed by swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, + appetite loss

30
Q

*Cytomegalovirus

pathogen

A

cytomegalovirus

31
Q

*Cytomegalovirus

signs + symptoms

A
  • -complications in neonates +immunodeficient individuals

- asymptomatic in most cases

32
Q

*Cytomegalovirus

epidemiology

A
  • -transmits by DIRECT CONTACT w bodily fluids + TRANSPLACENTALLY
  • one of the most common infections of humans
33
Q

*Cytomegalovirus

pathogenesis

A
  • teratogenic, primarily hearing loss which makes dvlpt of vaccine to protect pregnant women necessary
  • vertical transmission to fetus via placenta
34
Q

*teratogenic

A

agent that can cause birth defects

35
Q

*African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever [Ebola]

pathogen

A

Ebolavirus or Marburgvirus

*filamentous shaped virus

36
Q

African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever [Ebola]

signs + symptoms

A
  • fever, fatigue

- minor petechiae progress to severe internal hemorrhaging

37
Q

*African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever [Ebola]

epidemiology

A
  • occurs primarily in Africa (endemic)

- transmits via CONTACT w bodily fluids of infected individuals

38
Q

African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever [Ebola]

diagnosis, treatment, + prevention

A

D-symptoms + presence of virus in blood

T-fluid+electrolyte replacement

P-vaccines are being studied for efficacy

39
Q

*Malaria

pathogen

A

4 Plasmodium species

-disease severity depends on the species

40
Q

*Malaria

signs + symptoms

A
  • -associated w parasite’s life cycle w/in erythrocytes
  • fever + chills occur on a 2-3 day cycle
  • anemia, weakness, fatigue
41
Q

Malaria

Virulence Factors

A
  • reproductive cycle hides parasite from immune surveillance
  • malaria secretome injects toxins into host cells
  • adhesins allowRBC to adhere to certain tissues
  • merozoites form w/in vesicles + avoid detection
  • changes in body chem attracts other mosquitos
42
Q

*which pathogen causes the most severe malaria?

A

plasmodium falciparum

43
Q

*Malaria

epidemiology

A

endemic in tropics + subtropics

44
Q

Malaria

diagnosis + treatment

A

D-plasmodium in blood

T-varies by species + disease severity
–some plasmodium strains are resistant to antimalarial drugs

45
Q

*Malaria

prevention

A

requires control of mosquitos

46
Q

Lyme Disease

diagnosis

A

signs + sympt

-bacteria is rarely detected in blood

micr finals review (10 decks)

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