Chapter 20 - Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System and Eyes

Question 1

axenic

Answer 1

sterile

ex) CNS, uterus

Question 2

pathogen entry to CNS

Answer 2

• breaks in bones/meninges
• med procedures
• travel in peripheral neurons to CNS (rabies)
• infect + kill cells of the meninges causing meningitis

Question 3

Bacterial Meningitis

signs + symptoms

Answer 3

• sudden high fever + severe meningitis inflammation
• encephalitis can result in behavioral changes, coma, death
• develops rapidly

Question 4

5 species that cause 90% Bacterial Meningitis

Answer 4

1 streptococcus pneumoniae
2 neisseria meningitidis
3 haemophilus influenzae
4 listeria monocytogenes[foodborne]*
5 streptococcus agalactiae

*all are encapsulated + airborne (air droplets)

Question 5

Top 3 Bacterial Meningitis

Answer 5

1 streptococcus pneumoniae
2 neisseria meningitidis
3 haemophilus influenzae

Question 6

*streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 6

-top 3 cause of bacterial meningitis
[G+, diplococci]
*-present in throat of 75% of humans
-meningitis in v young + v old

Question 7

*neisseria meningitidis

Answer 7

-top 3 cause of bacterial meningitis
[G-, diplococci]
*-epidemic meningitis in college freshman

Question 8

haemophilus influenzae

Answer 8

-top 3 cause of bacterial meningitis

[G-, pleomorphic rods]

Question 9

*listeria monocytogenes

Answer 9

-cause bacterial meningitis
[G+, rods]
*-foodborne [uncooked meat/vege, unpasteurized milk]

Question 10

*streptococcus agalactiae

Answer 10

-cause bacterial meningitis
[G+, cocci]
*-acquired during birth [group B strep]
*-leading cause of meningitis in newborns

Question 11

meningococcal meningitis can become ___demic

Answer 11

EPIDEMIC

Question 12

bacterial meningitis

diagnosis

Answer 12

• based on symptoms

- culturing of bacteria fr CSF

Question 13

*bacterial meningitis

treatment + *prevention

Answer 13

T-treated w IV antimicrobial drugs

P*-vaccines available for s.pneumoniae, h. influenzae type B, + n. meningitidis
*-individuals at risk for listeriosis should avoid HIGH RISK FOODS

Question 14

*3 forms of Botulism

Answer 14

1 Foodborne
2 Infant (most common in USA)
3 Wound botulism

Question 15

*Botulism

pathogen + virulence factors

Answer 15

Clodstridium botulinum

-different strains produce one of seven neurotoxins

Question 16

*Botulism

epidemiology

Answer 16

~50 cases of foodborne + wound botulism per year in USA

*infant botulism is most common form in USA

Question 17

Botulism

treatment + prevention

Answer 17

3 approaches to treatment:
1 washing of intestinal tract to remove clostridium
2 administer antibodies
3 treatment w antimicrobial drugs

-prevented by destroying endospores in contaminated food

Question 18

*Tetanus vs Botulism

signs + symptoms

Answer 18

tetanus = lockjaw, spasms, + contractions

botulism = flaccid muscles

Question 19

*Tetanus

pathogen + virulence factors

Answer 19

• Clostridium tetani

* VF-spores grow in deep wound + vegetative cells produce TETANOSPASMIN

Question 20

*Tetanospasmin

Answer 20

neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani spore

-blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters at neuromuscular junctions

Question 21

Poliomyelitis

signs + symptoms,
pathogenesis, transmission

Answer 21

S+S*-90% of cases are asymptomatic infections

T*-by drinking contaminated water
*-has a successful vaccine

Question 22

*paralytic polio

Answer 22

least common type of polio

-less than 1% are paralytic polio

Question 23

*Viral Meningitis

diagnosis

Answer 23

diagnosed by characteristics signs +symptoms IN THE ABSENCE OF BACTERIA IN CSF

sudden high fever + severe meningeal inflammation

*similar to bacterial meningitis but no bacteria

Question 24

*Rabies

pathogenesis

Answer 24

-transmitted via bite or scratch fr infected animal
-virus replicates in muscle cells
+then moves into neurons
+reaches brain via neurons

Question 25

*Rabies

treatment

Answer 25

1 Human Rabies Immunoglobulin [passive immunization]
2 vaccine injections
[active immunization]
3 cleansing infection site

Question 26

*Rabies

diagnosis + prevention

Answer 26

D- unique neurological symptoms;
–postmortem detection of Negri bodies

P-prevented by controlling rabies in domestic animals

Question 27

Prion

Answer 27

infectious protein

Question 28

*Spongiform encephalopathies

pathogen, signs, transmission

Answer 28

• caused by prions
• leaves brain full of holes (sponge)
• -humans contract by EATING MEAT FR INFECTED CATTLE

Question 29

*Viral Meningitis

signs + symptoms

Answer 29

similar to bacterial meningitis but more mild:

high fever + meningitis inflammation

Question 30

*Viral Meningitis

pathogen

Answer 30

Enterovirus genus

Question 31

*Viral Meningitis

pathogenesis

Answer 31

damage to cells in meninges triggers meningitis

Question 32

*Viral Meningitis

epidemiology

Answer 32

more common than bacterial meningitis

spread by respiratory droplets + feces

Question 33

examples of Spongiform encephalopathies

Answer 33

mad cow and scrapie