Chapter 21-22 notecards Flashcards
what are the three basic types of plant cells
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
which cell type is tick walled, and lignin rich that forms a supportive plant tissue
sclerenchyma cell
Which plant cell type is a cell with thin walls that form tissues within leaves, roots, stems, and fruit of plants
parenchyma cell
which plant cell type is an elongated cell with unevenly thick walls that form a supportive tissue of plants
collenchyma
which plant cell type is most common
parenchyma
what does the parenchyma do for the cells
stores starch, oil, and water for the plant
where does photosynthesis occur
in green chloroplasts within parenchyma cells in leaves
what is one very special trait of parenchyma cells
they have the ability to divide throughout their entire lives
when are collenchyma cells more common
in the younger tissues of leaves and shoots
what is an example of a collenchyma cells
strings of celery
what is the unique feature of collenchyma cells
it is flexible
which cell type is the strongest
sclerenchyma
what is a disadvantage to sclerenchyma cells
cannot grow without the plant
where are sclerenchyma cells usually found
in parts of the cell that aren’t lengthening anymore
what is an example of sclerenchyma cells
fruit pits, shells of nuts.. also found in stems and leaf veins and are responsible for the gritty texture of pears
what are the three tissue systems in plants
dermal, ground and vascular
what is the function of the plasmodesmata
connects neighboring cells… cells of plant tissue can share water nutrients and chemical signals
what tissue system covers the outside of plants and animals and provides protection
dermal tissue
what tissue system makes up the majority of a plant
ground tissue
what is the funtion of the ground tissue
provides support and stores materials in roots and stems
what cell types do the ground tissue consist of
all of them
which tissue system is the supportive and conductive tissue in plants, consisting of xylem and phloem
vascular tissue
what can be transported thru vascular tissue
necessary food and nutrients
what is the xylem
tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals in vascular plants
what is the phloem
vascular tissue that carries the products of photosynthesis through the plant
what are some structures that differ plant from animal cells
cell walls, plastids, and a large vacuole
what specialized cell in xylem are long and narrow where water can flow thru in openings in the thick cell walls
tracheid cells
what is the theory that explains how the physical properties of water allow it to move thru the xylem of plants
cohesion tension theory
what is the loss of water vapor from plants
transpiration
what cell mostly consist of phloem
sieve tube elements
where does the name sieve tube elements come from
the small holes in the end walls of their cells
what is the model for predicting how sugars are transported from photosynthetic tissue to the rest of a plant
pressure flow model
what do plants use to pump or load sugar into phloem at a high concentration
ATP
why are roots important
they anchor to the ground and form the soil they absorb water and minerals the plant needs
what is the center of a root or stem that contains phloem and xylem
vascular cylinder
what are thin hairlike outgrowth of an epidermal cell of a plant root that absorbs water and minerals from the soil
root hairs
what is a mass of cells that cover and protect the tips of plant roots
root cap
undifferentiated plant tissue from which new cells are formed
meristem
what are the two type of roots
taproot and fibrous root
what is the root type that is made up of many threadlike members of more or less equal length
fibrous root
which root type is the main root in some plants, usually larger than other roots growing straight down from a stem
taproot
how are minerals usually dissolved in soil water?
ions
how doplants use energy to transport nutrient ions into the roots
active transport
what is primary growth
stem or root grows longer
what is secondary growth
adds width to stems and roots of woody plants
each tree rings means what
each tree ring is a year of life
what is a basic part of the plant that is broad where most of the photosynthesis of a plant takes place
blade
the blade connects to the stem through what?
petiole
what marks where the leaf ends
axillary bud
what is the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf, located between the upper and lower epidermis
mesophyll
what makes up the veins that run through the mesophyll
xylem and phloem
what is the difference between the two sides of a leaf
the upper portion is where photosynthesis usually takes place… the underside portion of a leaf has stomata and is the site of transpiration and gas exchange
what is a pair of cells that control the opening and closing of a stoma in plant tissue
guard cells
what happens when the stoma is open
water evaporates from the leaves
why does the stoma close
if the plant is losing water faster than its gaining it
know the difference between simple, compound, and double compound leaves
ok
what is the plant life cycle in which the plant alternates between haploid and diploid phases
alternation of generations
what is a diploid, spore producing phase of a plant life cycle
sporophyte
what is a haploid, gamete producing phase in a plant life cycle
gametophyte
what are eh only plants in which teh gametophyte phase is dominant
nonvascular
what is the dominant phase for all vascular plants
sporophyte
what is the familiar form for all seed plants
sporophyte
what are sori
clusters of sporangia( which are spore producing sacs)
what is a fern gametophyte often called
prothallus
what is the familiar form for the conifer
sporophyte
when do male cones release pollen
during the spring
in pine species, how long does it take the pollen tube to reach the egg
a year
what is the modified leaf that covers and protects the flower while it develops
sepals
what is the modified leaf that surrounds a flower’s reproductive structures
petals
what is it called when the sepals and petals are the same
tepals
what is the male structure of flowering plants; includes the stalk and anther, which produces pollen
stamen
what is the female structure of the flowering plants; made of the ovary, style, and stigma
carpel
what is the organ in which female gametes develop prior to fertilization
ovary
how are many flowering plants are pollinated
insects, birds, animals, wind
what process do cells male cells divide
meiosis
how to the female gametes divide?
meiosis
how many survive
3 out of 4
what is the tissue within seeds of flowering plants that noursishes an embryo
endosperm
what is the process by which two sperm of a flowering plant join with an egg and a polar body, forming an embryo and endosperm
double fertilization
