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Biology > Chapter 18 notecards > Flashcards

Chapter 18 notecards Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are one celled microorganism that can only cause infection?

A

bacteria

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2
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

agent that causes disease

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3
Q

why are viruses considered non living things?

A

because they have to rely on living cells to live themselves. they need living cells to help the, reproduce and make proteins

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4
Q

what are infectious particles that can cause disease in plants?

A

viroids

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5
Q

what are viroids made of

A

single stranded RNA WITHOUT a protien coat

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6
Q

what are viroids passed thru?

A

seeds and pollen

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7
Q

what is an infectious particle made only of proteins that can cause proteins to fold incorrectly?

A

prion

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8
Q

prions are unusual because they are infectious yet have ________ genetic material

A

no

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9
Q

what certain diseases are in part of prions

A

Brain diseases such as mad cow disease

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10
Q

What did Dmitri Ivanosky discover

A

that infected plants aren’t infected by bacterium

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11
Q

who built on Dmitri’s work?

A

Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck

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12
Q

what is a single viral particle

A

virion

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13
Q

what is a protein shell that surrounds a virion

A

capsid

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14
Q

what is a protective outer coat of a virus

A

lipid envelope

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15
Q

when can viruses only reproduce??

A

after they have infected host cells

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16
Q

what are viruses reproducing

A

their genes

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17
Q

how does a virus identify its perfect host

A

by fitting its surface proteins to receptor molecules on the surface of the host cell

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18
Q

what are the main viral shapes?

A

Enveloped, Helical, polyhedral

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19
Q

what are viruses that infect bacteria?

A

bacteriophage

20
Q

viruses that infect eukaryotes enter those cells by what method?

A

Endocytosis

21
Q

what are the two types of viral infections

A

lyric and lysogenic

22
Q

what is a lytic infection?

A

infection pathway in which the host cell bursts

23
Q

what is a lysogenic infection

A

a phage combines its DNA into the host cells DNA

24
Q

what is the phage DNA inserted into the host cells DNA

A

prophage

25
Q

in vertebrates, what is the first obstacle that viruses must pass?

A

skin

26
Q

what do viruses first target in our bodies?

A

organ or tissue

27
Q

what viral infection is un curable because more than 200 viruses are known to cause it

A

the common cold

28
Q

what viral infection takes place usually in the winter and is known as the “flu”

A

influenza

29
Q

what is a rapid outbreak of an infection that affects many people

A

Epidemic

30
Q

what is a substance that stimulates the Body’s own immune response against invasion by microbes

A

vaccine

31
Q

what viral infection is like influenza but is observed in smaller numbers

A

SARS

32
Q

what viral infection is a retrovirus

A

HIV

33
Q

what is a retrovirus?

A

a virus that contains RNA and uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy

34
Q

what are obligate anaerobes

A

prokaryotes that cannot live in the presence of oxygen

35
Q

obligate aerobes are what?

A

organisms that need oxygen in their environments

36
Q

what is a facultative aerobe

A

prokaryotes that can survive whether oxygen is present or not

37
Q

what are three shapes of bacteria and Archea

A

rod, spiral, spherical

38
Q

what is a small piece of genetic material that can replicate separately from the prokaryotes main chromosomes

A

plasmid

39
Q

what is a long, whiplike structure outside of a cell that is used for movement

A

flagellum

40
Q

what are pili

A

thinner shorter and more numerous than flagella

41
Q

what is gram positive

A

has thicker peptidoglycan layer and Stain purple

42
Q

what is gram negative

A

has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and stain red

43
Q

what is it when prokaryotes can exchange parts of their chromosomes through a hollow bridge of pili to connect two or more cells

A

conjugation

44
Q

what is a specialized cell with a thick protective wall

A

endospore

45
Q

how is a endospore made

A

The bacterium copies it’s chromosomes and produces a wall around the copy

46
Q

what is an infectious particle made only of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat?

A

Virus

Biology (7 decks)

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