Chapter 17 Notecards Flashcards
what sí the science of naming and classifying organisms
taxonomy
what does Linnaean Taxonomy base its classifications on?
physical similarities
a group of organisms in a classification system is called what?
taxon
what is a system that gives each species a two part scientific name using latin words
binomial nomenclature
what is the first part of the binomial nomenclature? what is the second part?
genus, species
WHICH NAME IS ALWAYS CAPITALIZED?!?
Genus
what is a genus
one or more physically similar species that are thought to be closely related
what are the levels of Linnaean Classification from biggest so smallest
Kingdom phylum class order family genus species
what are Linnaean limitations
created before technology and molecular genetics
physical similarities don’t always mean being closely related
what is convergent evolution?
when similar traits can evolve into species that are adapting to similar environmental conditions
evolutionary for a group of species is called what?
phylogeny
what is the most common way to make an evolutionary Tre
cladistics
what is cladistics
the classification based on common ancestry
what is the goal of cladistics
to place species in the order in which they descended from a common ancestor
what is an evolutionary tree that proposes how many species may be related to each other through common ancestors
cladogram
what is a ‘Clade’
group of species that share a common ancestor
what are the traits that can be used to figure out evolutionary relationships among a group of species are those that are shared by some species but are not present in others.
derived characters
an out group is a group of species that shares ____ derived characters with the other group being studied
no
who proposed a new way to measure evolutionary time
Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl
What are models that use mutation rates ti measure evolutionary time
molecular clocks
the more time that has passed the more _______ will have built up in lineage
Mutation
who compared their molecules data with the first appearances of each type of organism and fossil record
Pauling and Zuckerkandl
from what is human hemoglobin most different
from species that diverged earliest in evolutionary time
What is Mitochondrial DNA
DNA found only in mitochondria, the energy factors of the cells
how is mtDNA significant for molecular clocks?
mtDNA mutation rate is 10x faster than nuclear DNA which makes it a good molecular clock for closely related species
what is rRNA
Ribosomes, the organelles that manufacture proteins in cells, contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomal RNA is useful for studying distantly related species, such as species that are in different kingdoms or phyla
when studying an organism over a long period of time, it is best to use a molecule that has a ______ mutation rate
lower
when was a system developed that standardized the way organisms are classified and names? Who did it?
1950, Carolus Linnaeus
What are the six kingdoms right now?
Animalia plantae Protista Archea Fungi Bacteria
what is a domain
level of classification above the kingdoms
what are the three domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
what domain includes single called prokaryotes in the kingdom bacteria
Bacteria domain
what domain includes single called prokaryotes, but differ from cell walls of bacteria?
Archea Domain
where do archaea usually thrive
extremes environments such as deep sea vents, hot geysers, Antarctic water, and salt lakes.
What domain includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells
Eukarya
what kingdoms are included in eukarya
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
Protista
