Chapter 20: Social problems in school

Question 1

bullying

Answer 1

term used to define an individual’s repeated exposure to negative actions by one/ more other people

Question 2

self-worth protection

Answer 2

tendency of some students to reduce their levels of effort so that any subsequent poor academic performance will be attributed to low motivation rather than the lack of ability

Question 3

bias bullying

Answer 3

bullying in which the victim is a member of a particular group (e.g. race, gender, religion) rather than based on a victim’s individual characteristics

Question 4

cyberbullying

Answer 4

type of bullying which uses electronic devises, mainly mobile phones and the internet

Question 5

quality circles

Answer 5

small groups of children who meet to problem-solve issues such as bullying

Question 6

retributive justice

Answer 6

direct sanctions against bullies that are intended to reduce the incidence of bullying

Question 7

restorative justice

Answer 7

range of practices which focus on the offender/ bullying child made aware of the victim’s feelings and the harm they have caused, and making some agreed reparations

Question 8

school phobics/ school refusers

Answer 8

children who have a strong aversion to school

Question 9

separation anxiety

Answer 9

fear of the loss of parental nurture

Question 10

specific phobia

Answer 10

marked and persistent fear of clearly discernible, circumscribed objects, or situations

Question 11

negative reinforcement

Answer 11

avoidance of a negative/ disliked event and the avoidance is reinforcing/ rewarding

Question 12

positive reinforcement

Answer 12

action/outcome following a behaviour that makes the behaviour more likely to be repeated

Question 13

systematic desensitisation

Answer 13

approach that aims to reduce/ eliminate certain phobias in which the child is firstly taught how to relax and subsequently is encouraged to employ this ability when asked to consider the objects of their fear

Question 14

emotive imagery

Answer 14

approach which aims to reduce fear and anxiety and involves associating fearful situations with imaged scenes which conjure up feelings of pride, self-assertion or amusement, so that the fearful situation becomes associated with positive emotions and a relaxed state and, as a result, anxiety will be reduced

Question 15

cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)

Answer 15

psychological therapy which aims to help patients change the way they think, feel and behave; CBT is effective in treating a variety of disorders/ problems which include mood, eating, anxiety, personality, substance abuse, and psychotic disorders