Chapter 19: Risk and resilience in development

Question 1

resilience

Answer 1

occurs when children experience positive outcomes despite experiencing significant risk

Question 2

risk factors

Answer 2

catastrophic events such as war and natural disasters
family adversities such as bereavement and diverse
economic conditions such as poverty
exposure to negative environments such as impoverished neighbourhoods

Question 3

protective factor

Answer 3

anything that prevents/ reduces vulnerability for the development of a disorder

Question 4

vulnerability factors

Answer 4

those attributes of the individual that contribute to maladjustment under conditions of adversity

Question 5

intergenerational cycle of difficulties

Answer 5

various implicit/ explicit non-verbal/ verbal ways parents communicate their traumatic experiences and their experiences of shared events traumatically

Question 6

childhood income poverty

Answer 6

living in a family whose income falls below a specified level necessary for minimum coverage of basic expenses has been shown to increase the risk of negative child outcomes

Question 7

internalising behaviour problems

Answer 7

withdrawal, inhibition, anxiety and/ or depression

Question 8

externalising behaviour problems

Answer 8

delinquent activities, aggression and hyperactivity; they are directly linked to violent episodes such as punching or kicking often learned from observing others

Question 9

risk accumulation

Answer 9

way in which multiple risk factors have a cumulative effect on child outcomes

Question 10

cumulative risk factors

Answer 10

sum of risk factors rather than any single risk is what leads to dysfunction because it overwhelms the adaptive capacities of the individual

Question 11

risk specificity

Answer 11

specific characteristics of an individual risk factor, both in terms of its specific effect and how it interacts with specific child outcomes

Question 12

external support systems

Answer 12

support systems in the social environment such as a friendship that contribute to resilience in adversity

Question 13

secure attachment

Answer 13

responsive, supportive, structured and affectively stimulating relationship between parent and child that contributes to children’s positive development

Question 14

moderator (interactive) effects model

Answer 14

models based on interactive relationships between protective/ vulnerability factors and risk factors

Question 15

main effects model

Answer 15

models of resilience in which single factors are identified as determining whether a given child exposed to a risk has a good/ poor outcome

Question 16

mediator effects models

Answer 16

models that explore the role of intervening/ intermediate variables on the effects of risks

Question 17

risk-focused programmes

Answer 17

intervention programmes that attempt to reduce risk exposure

Question 18

asset-focused programmes

Answer 18

programmes that attemp to directly provide higher quality and/ or more quantity of assets in children’s lives

Question 19

process-orientated programmes

Answer 19

programmes that attempt to improve the most important adaptational systems for children such as key relationships, intellectual functioning and self-regulation systems