Chapter 18: Educational implications

Question 1

curriculum

Answer 1

set of courses, and their set of content, offered at a school/ university

Question 2

bidirectional/ transactional processes

Answer 2

educational practice can influence psychological research, just as psychological research can influence educational practice

Question 3

construction

Answer 3

developmental process in which the child is an active participant in the process through interactions with the environment, rather than a passive receiver of knowledge

Question 4

discovery learning

Answer 4

encouraging children to learn by discovering information for themselves

Question 5

sociocognitive conflict

Answer 5

cognitive conflict that arises as a result of a social interaction; e.g. peers having a different understanding of a mathematical problem

Question 6

cognitive conflict

Answer 6

cognitive conflict arises when there are 2 or more competing to a situation/ problem

Question 7

perspective-taking

Answer 7

ability to take someone else’s perspective when it differs from one’s own

Question 8

peer facilitation effects

Answer 8

pairing of 2 children can have a positive impact on children’s later individual performance

Question 9

collaborative learning

Answer 9

any learning that occurs when 2 or more people work together on a problem

Question 10

intermental plane

Answer 10

concerning knowledge that is possessed between people (also known as the interpsychological plane)

Question 11

intramental plane

Answer 11

concerning knowledge that has been internalised and is possessed by the individual (also known as the intrapsychological plane)

Question 12

attainment targets

Answer 12

description of the knowledge that children should have acquired as they work their way through the education system

Question 13

norm referencing

Answer 13

tests based on the average scores of the population, and hence provide a reference point to indicate how individual children perform relative to the scores of other children

Question 14

criterion referencing

Answer 14

measure of a child’s performance relative to a specified criterion

Question 15

formative

Answer 15

function of assessment where the purpose is to provide information to support further learning

Question 16

heuristics

Answer 16

simple strategies for reaching solutions