Chapter 20 — Immune System Nonadaptive

Question 1

function of immune system

Answer 1

protects the body from antigens and abnormal cells

Question 2

define antigen

Answer 2

anything perceived as foreign to the body

Question 3

antigens can be ______ or ______

Answer 3

living or nonliving

Question 4

3 examples living antigens

Answer 4

bacteria

parasites

fungi

Question 5

5 examples of nonliving antigens

Answer 5

metal

plastic

toxic chemicals

pollen

viruses

Question 6

when antigens like viruses damage tissue and it is replaced with scar tissue, it…

Answer 6

will never function as the original tissue did

Question 7

explain epitopes

Answer 7

chemical markers on an antigen that allow a WBC to recognize it and attack it

Question 8

how WBCs attack an antigen

Answer 8

receptor specific to an epitope binds to antigen’s epitope

WBC undergoes cell replication

new group of WBCs attack antigen

some WBCs held back as “memory cells”

Question 9

what gives us immunity?

Answer 9

memory cells

Question 10

Some antigens have many different types of epitopes (________) and are…

Others (_____) have only one epitope and…

Answer 10

bacteria; more likely to be destroyed quickly

plastic; take longer to destroy

Question 11

because WBCs normally exist at low levels, the antigen must…

Answer 11

reach a certain level in the body to be recognized and destroyed

Question 12

2 subdivisions of immune system

Answer 12

innate/nonadaptive

adaptive

Question 13

explain nonadaptive vs adaptive immune system

Answer 13

nonadaptive: the same in all people, combat every antigen the same way, provide us with resistance but won’t eliminate an antigen

adaptive: can adapt to a certain antigen - combat antigens differently - provide us with immunity

Question 14

explain immunity

Answer 14

the immune system will destroy an antigen before it causes harm/symptoms

Question 15

nonadaptive immune system types of defences

Answer 15

barriers

white blood cells: macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, natural killer cells, eosinophils

antimicrobial proteins

inflammation

fever

Question 16

examples of barriers

Answer 16

skin

epithelial linings of respiratory, digestive, reproductive tracts

Question 17

barriers have associtated ________

Answer 17

secretions

Question 18

sweat’s immune role

Answer 18

slightly low pH - can denature antigens on skin

Question 19

mucus’ immune function

Answer 19

can trap antigens so we can expel or destroy them, or slows their spread

Question 20

saliva & tears’ immune function

Answer 20

contain enzymes and antibodies that break down antigens

Question 21

macrophages develop from…

Answer 21

monocytes

Question 22

macrophages can be _______ or _______

Answer 22

fixed or wandering

Question 23

fixed macrophage

Answer 23

microglia of CNS

Question 24

explain phagocytosis with endocytosis

Answer 24

cell envelops antigen

membrane pinches off and forms membrane bound vesicle around antigen

MBV fuses with a cell organelle containing chemicals that can break down chemical structure of antigen

Question 25

explain exocytosis part of phagocytosis

Answer 25

broken down pieces of antigen within MBV are moved out of the cell and released

Question 26

example of chemicals within lysosomes

Answer 26

lytic enzymes

Question 27

2 examples of organells that destroy antigens

Answer 27

lysosomes peroxisomes

Question 28

neutrophils use...

Answer 28

cloud of death

Question 29

neutrophils are used in _______ infections

Answer 29

localized

Question 30

components of cloud of death

Answer 30

hydrogen peroxide superoxide hypochlorite

Question 31

cloud of death's effect on antigen

Answer 31

oxidizing

Question 32

function of basophils

Answer 32

initiate inflammatory response to damaged tissues and/or presence of an antigen

Question 33

3 chemicals released by basophils

Answer 33

histamine leukotrienes heparin

Question 34

function of histamine

Answer 34

vasodilator

Question 35

effects of vasodilation in inflammatory response

Answer 35

increased exchange between blood & tissues WBCs arrive to tissues faster more fluid exchange - edema temperature rises

Question 36

symptoms of localized infection

Answer 36

redness hot to touch edema

Question 37

function of leukotrienes

Answer 37

signals WBCs to exit the blood and enter the infected tissues

Question 38

function of heparin

Answer 38

blood thinner - so WBCs can move through it (can't move through a clot)

Question 39

5 WBCs used by nonadaptive immune system + 1 non-WBC

Answer 39

macrophages neutrophils basophils + mast cells eosinophils natural killer cells

Question 40

function of mast cells

Answer 40

participate in initiation of inflammatory response with basophils

Question 41

example of inappropriate inflammatory response

Answer 41

allergies

Question 42

treatment for allergies

Answer 42

antihistamines - bind to histamine and make it inoperable

Question 43

3 functions of eosinophils

Answer 43

Readily phagocytize Antigen-Antibody Complexes Produce & release superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and neurotoxins Promote inflammatory response by signalling to basophils and mast cells

Question 44

explain antigen-antibody complex

Answer 44

antibodies bind to epitopes of antigens and many WBCs (especially eosinophils) can recognize them

Question 45

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in particular respond to antigen-antibody complexes

Answer 45

eosinophils

Question 46

3 chemicals released by eosinophils

Answer 46

superoxide hydrogen peroxide neurotoxins

Question 47

explain eosinophils' relationship to parasites

Answer 47

eosinophils release neurotoxins which paralyze parasites high eosinophil count during a parasitic infection

Question 48

diagnostic tool

Answer 48

WBC count (broad vs differential)

Question 49

which cells signal to basophils and mast cells, promoting inflammatory response?

Answer 49

eosinophils

Question 50

type of lymphocyte used by nonadaptive immune system

Answer 50

natural killer cells

Question 51

function of natural killer cells

Answer 51

roam body surveying tissues for abnormal cells

Question 52

2 types of abnormal cells

Answer 52

cancerous virally infected

Question 53

how do natural killer cells attack abnormal cells?

Answer 53

secrete perforin, perforates cell membrane, cell can't regulate its homeostasis secrete granzymes, destroy cell's metabolic enzymes apoptosis - cell suicide

Question 54

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ perforates cell membrane

Answer 54

perforin

Question 55

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ destroy cell's metabolic enzymes

Answer 55

granzymes

Question 56

cell suicide

Answer 56

apoptosis

Question 57

which cells use perforin and granzymes?

Answer 57

natural killer cells

Question 58

2 antimicrobial proteins

Answer 58

interferon complement

Question 59

2 functions of interferon

Answer 59

Interferes with microbial reproduction/replication Provides short term nonspecific resistance to pathogenic bacteria & viruses

Question 60

explain how interferon provides resistance to viruses

Answer 60

an infected cell releases interferon into interstitial fluid nearby uninfected cells produce antiviral proteins in response when viruses enters them, antiviral proteins bind to them and protect cells from them

Question 61

complement is produce by...

Answer 61

liver

Question 62

group of complements bound together

Answer 62

complement complex

Question 63

4 methods complement uses to defend body

Answer 63

initiates or enhances inflammatory response immune clearance enhance phagocytosis cytolysis

Question 64

explain immune clearance

Answer 64

complement binds to an antigen-antibody complex and links it to an RBC - RBC is a vehicle taking it to liver or spleen where it can be phagocytized

Question 65

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can bind to an antigen and make it easier to phagocytize

Answer 65

complement

Question 66

explain cytolysis

Answer 66

complement complex destroys an antigen's cell membrane

Question 67

3 functions of inflammation as a nonadaptive defense

Answer 67

limits spread of antigens important in removing debris important in tissue repair

Question 68

systemic temperature elevation

Answer 68

fever

Question 69

average temperature

Answer 69

98.6

Question 70

advantages of moderate fever

Answer 70

raises metabolic activity promotes interferon production can negatively impact some bacteria and viruses

Question 71

core temperature is set by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 71

hypothalamus

Question 72

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cause hypothalamus to produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which signals to the body to raise core temp

Answer 72

pyrogens prostaglandin E₂

Question 73

how do fever-reducing medications work?

Answer 73

bind to prostaglandin E₂, making it inoperable

Question 74

two types of pyrogens

Answer 74

endogenous exogenous