Chapter 20 — Immune System Nonadaptive Flashcards

1
Q

function of immune system

A

protects the body from antigens and abnormal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define antigen

A

anything perceived as foreign to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

antigens can be ______ or ______

A

living or nonliving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 examples living antigens

A

bacteria

parasites

fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

5 examples of nonliving antigens

A

metal

plastic

toxic chemicals

pollen

viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when antigens like viruses damage tissue and it is replaced with scar tissue, it…

A

will never function as the original tissue did

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

explain epitopes

A

chemical markers on an antigen that allow a WBC to recognize it and attack it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how WBCs attack an antigen

A

receptor specific to an epitope binds to antigen’s epitope

WBC undergoes cell replication

new group of WBCs attack antigen

some WBCs held back as “memory cells”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what gives us immunity?

A

memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Some antigens have many different types of epitopes (________) and are…

Others (_____) have only one epitope and…

A

bacteria; more likely to be destroyed quickly

plastic; take longer to destroy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

because WBCs normally exist at low levels, the antigen must…

A

reach a certain level in the body to be recognized and destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 subdivisions of immune system

A

innate/nonadaptive

adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

explain nonadaptive vs adaptive immune system

A

nonadaptive: the same in all people, combat every antigen the same way, provide us with resistance but won’t eliminate an antigen

adaptive: can adapt to a certain antigen - combat antigens differently - provide us with immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

explain immunity

A

the immune system will destroy an antigen before it causes harm/symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

nonadaptive immune system types of defences

A

barriers

white blood cells: macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, natural killer cells, eosinophils

antimicrobial proteins

inflammation

fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

examples of barriers

A

skin

epithelial linings of respiratory, digestive, reproductive tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

barriers have associtated ________

A

secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sweat’s immune role

A

slightly low pH - can denature antigens on skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mucus’ immune function

A

can trap antigens so we can expel or destroy them, or slows their spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

saliva & tears’ immune function

A

contain enzymes and antibodies that break down antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

macrophages develop from…

A

monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

macrophages can be _______ or _______

A

fixed or wandering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

fixed macrophage

A

microglia of CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

explain phagocytosis with endocytosis

A

cell envelops antigen

membrane pinches off and forms membrane bound vesicle around antigen

MBV fuses with a cell organelle containing chemicals that can break down chemical structure of antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

explain exocytosis part of phagocytosis

A

broken down pieces of antigen within MBV are moved out of the cell and released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

example of chemicals within lysosomes

A

lytic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

2 examples of organells that destroy antigens

A

lysosomes

peroxisomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

neutrophils use…

A

cloud of death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

neutrophils are used in _______ infections

A

localized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

components of cloud of death

A

hydrogen peroxide

superoxide

hypochlorite

31
Q

cloud of death’s effect on antigen

A

oxidizing

32
Q

function of basophils

A

initiate inflammatory response to damaged tissues and/or presence of an antigen

33
Q

3 chemicals released by basophils

A

histamine

leukotrienes

heparin

34
Q

function of histamine

A

vasodilator

35
Q

effects of vasodilation in inflammatory response

A

increased exchange between blood & tissues

WBCs arrive to tissues faster

more fluid exchange - edema

temperature rises

36
Q

symptoms of localized infection

A

redness

hot to touch

edema

37
Q

function of leukotrienes

A

signals WBCs to exit the blood and enter the infected tissues

38
Q

function of heparin

A

blood thinner - so WBCs can move through it (can’t move through a clot)

39
Q

5 WBCs used by nonadaptive immune system + 1 non-WBC

A

macrophages

neutrophils

basophils + mast cells

eosinophils

natural killer cells

40
Q

function of mast cells

A

participate in initiation of inflammatory response with basophils

41
Q

example of inappropriate inflammatory response

A

allergies

42
Q

treatment for allergies

A

antihistamines - bind to histamine and make it inoperable

43
Q

3 functions of eosinophils

A

Readily phagocytize Antigen-Antibody Complexes

Produce & release superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and neurotoxins

Promote inflammatory response by signalling to basophils and mast cells

44
Q

explain antigen-antibody complex

A

antibodies bind to epitopes of antigens and many WBCs (especially eosinophils) can recognize them

45
Q

__________ in particular respond to antigen-antibody complexes

A

eosinophils

46
Q

3 chemicals released by eosinophils

A

superoxide

hydrogen peroxide

neurotoxins

47
Q

explain eosinophils’ relationship to parasites

A

eosinophils release neurotoxins which paralyze parasites

high eosinophil count during a parasitic infection

48
Q

diagnostic tool

A

WBC count (broad vs differential)

49
Q

which cells signal to basophils and mast cells, promoting inflammatory response?

A

eosinophils

50
Q

type of lymphocyte used by nonadaptive immune system

A

natural killer cells

51
Q

function of natural killer cells

A

roam body surveying tissues for abnormal cells

52
Q

2 types of abnormal cells

A

cancerous

virally infected

53
Q

how do natural killer cells attack abnormal cells?

A

secrete perforin, perforates cell membrane, cell can’t regulate its homeostasis

secrete granzymes, destroy cell’s metabolic enzymes

apoptosis - cell suicide

54
Q

_______ perforates cell membrane

A

perforin

55
Q

_________ destroy cell’s metabolic enzymes

A

granzymes

56
Q

cell suicide

A

apoptosis

57
Q

which cells use perforin and granzymes?

A

natural killer cells

58
Q

2 antimicrobial proteins

A

interferon

complement

59
Q

2 functions of interferon

A

Interferes with microbial reproduction/replication

Provides short term nonspecific resistance to pathogenic bacteria & viruses

60
Q

explain how interferon provides resistance to viruses

A

an infected cell releases interferon into interstitial fluid

nearby uninfected cells produce antiviral proteins in response

when viruses enters them, antiviral proteins bind to them and protect cells from them

61
Q

complement is produce by…

A

liver

62
Q

group of complements bound together

A

complement complex

63
Q

4 methods complement uses to defend body

A

initiates or enhances inflammatory response

immune clearance

enhance phagocytosis

cytolysis

64
Q

explain immune clearance

A

complement binds to an antigen-antibody complex and links it to an RBC - RBC is a vehicle taking it to liver or spleen where it can be phagocytized

65
Q

________ can bind to an antigen and make it easier to phagocytize

A

complement

66
Q

explain cytolysis

A

complement complex destroys an antigen’s cell membrane

67
Q

3 functions of inflammation as a nonadaptive defense

A

limits spread of antigens

important in removing debris

important in tissue repair

68
Q

systemic temperature elevation

A

fever

69
Q

average temperature

A

98.6

70
Q

advantages of moderate fever

A

raises metabolic activity

promotes interferon production

can negatively impact some bacteria and viruses

71
Q

core temperature is set by the _________

A

hypothalamus

72
Q

________ cause hypothalamus to produce __________, which signals to the body to raise core temp

A

pyrogens

prostaglandin E2

73
Q

how do fever-reducing medications work?

A

bind to prostaglandin E2, making it inoperable

74
Q

two types of pyrogens

A

endogenous

exogenous