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BS114—Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 15 — Vision > Flashcards

Chapter 15 — Vision Flashcards

1
Q

What issue does this image display?

A

Hyperopia

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2
Q

What issue does this image display?

A

Myopia

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3
Q

definition of vision

A

the ability to perceive light

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4
Q

range of light waves humans can see

A

“visible spectrum”

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5
Q

define pigments

A

chemicals that absorb light of a certain wavelength and reflect all other light

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6
Q

the eye is…

A

a complex sensory organ that transduces photon stimuli into electrical signals

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7
Q

3 tunics of the eye

A

fibrous tunic

vascular tunic

neural tunic

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8
Q

the fibrous tunic includes…

A

sclera

cornea

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9
Q

the fibrous tunic is ______ tissue

A

connective

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10
Q

functions of sclera (2)

A

attaches eye to muscle and ocular orbit

helps maintain shape of the eye

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11
Q

the cornea covers the…

A

iris and pupil

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12
Q

2 ways in which the cornea is modified as connective tissue

A

transparent

heals quickly

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13
Q

functions of cornea (3)

A

protects eye from materials

curvature helps focus light onto retina during long-distance vision

covers anterior chamber

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14
Q

the anterior chamber contains…

A

aqueous humor

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15
Q

the posterior chamber contains…

A

vitreous humor

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16
Q

3 parts of vascular tunic

A

choroid

ciliary bodies

iris

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17
Q

the choroid contains…

A

vessels of the eye

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18
Q

the ciliary bodies are attached to the lens via

A

suspensory ligaments

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19
Q

function of ciliary bodies

A

to alter the shape of the lens, assisting in focusing incoming light

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20
Q

for long distance vision, the ciliary bodies are…

A

relaxed

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21
Q

for close vision, the ciliary bodies are

A

contracted

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22
Q

T/F

when the ciliary bodies are relaxed, there is no tension on the lens

A

false — contraction relaxes the tension on the lens

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23
Q

the shape of the lens during close vision

A

biconvex

24
Q

other function of the ciliary bodies

A

contribute to formation of aqueous humor

25
Q

function of the iris

A

responsible for controlling the amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil

26
Q

the pupil must be kept smaller than the _____ by the _____

A

lens by the iris

27
Q

2 sets of muscle fiber in the iris and their functions

A

circular smooth muscle around pupil — contraction decreases pupil size

radial muscles around circular ones — contraction increases pupil size

28
Q

2 parts of the neural layer

A

pigmented layer

retina

29
Q

functions of pigmented layer (3)

A

black color absorbs light after it has passed through the retina, to prevent it from scattering throughout the eye

stores vitamin A

capable of phagocytosis — delivers dead or damanged photoreceptors to the blood

30
Q

the retina contains…

A

photoreceptors (rods and cones)

bipolar cells

ganglion cells

31
Q

characteristics of rods

A

respond to low-intensity light

only have one photopigment (Rhodopsin)

more numerous than cones

allow for night vision

low visual acuity

32
Q

why do rods provide low visual acuity, and cones high visual acuity?

A

multiple rods synapse with one ganglion cell, which makes the signal less clear

only one cone synapses with one ganglion cell, which makes the signal pure

33
Q

define “bleaching”

A

a flood of light after time in darkness breaks the bonds of all the Rhodopsin in the rods at once, making it hard to see for a few moments

34
Q

characteristics of cones

A

respond to high light intensity and color

3 types — Red, Green, Blue

high visual acuity

35
Q

colorblind people don’t produce enough of a _______

A

photopigment

36
Q

rods and cones synapse with ______ cells, which synapse with ______ cells

A

bipolar

ganglion

37
Q

function of ganglion cells

A

conduct a visual signal to the CNS via their axons, which altogether form the optic nerve

38
Q

function of the lens

A

participates with the cornea in focusing light onto the retina, particularly for close vision

39
Q

during long distance vision the lens is…

during close vision the lens is…

A

larger and thinner (parallel)

biconvex

40
Q

3 essential steps for close vision

A

accommodation - lens shape is altered by contraction of the ciliary bodies, allowing it to focus light onto the retina

iris reduces pupil size so it is no larger than the lens

eyes converge on the object you are looking at

41
Q

functions of vitreous humor (2)

A

maintains shape of the eye

holds the retina in place

42
Q

chemicals which react with light

A

photopigment

43
Q

the photopigment of a rod is _________, which is made of an ______ molecule and a _______ molecule

A

Rhodopsin

opsin

retinol

44
Q

in darkness, the retinol is ______; when light strikes, the retinol becomes _______

A

cisretinol

transretinol

45
Q

when the retinol undergoes conformational change from cis to trans…

A

the bond with opsin breaks and energy is released

46
Q

IN DARKNESS

photoreceptors are in a _________ state

this state triggers release of _________, which prevents the opening of __ _______ on the bipolar cell

the bipolar cell [does/does not] fire

A

depolarized

glutamate

Na+ channels

does not

47
Q

IN LIGHT

light strikes photopigment and _____ is released

as __ _______ on photoreceptor close, the receptor is _________

inhibitory neurotransmitter [is/isn’t] released

the bipolar cell’s Na+ channels are _____, causing the cell to ____

the bipolar sends ________ neurotransmitter to the ganglion cell

A

energy

Na+ channels

repolarized

isn’t

open…fire

excitatory

48
Q

inhibitory NT is used in…

A

darkness

49
Q

excitatory NT is used in…

A

light

50
Q

in darkness, the photoreceptor’s Na+ channels are _____, and in light they are _____

A

open

closed

51
Q

define depolarization

A

Na+ channels are open; inner membrane charge and outer charge are both positive

52
Q

define repolarization

A

Na+ channels are closed; inner membrane charge is negative, outer charge is positive

53
Q

function of glutamate

A

prevents the opening of Na+ channels on the bipolar cell

54
Q

define myopia

A

lens curvature is too great or eye is too long

light is focused in front of retina

near-sightedness

55
Q

define hyperopia

A

eye is too short or lens isn’t curved enough

light is focused “behind” retina

far-sightedness

56
Q

define presbyopia

A

with age, lens loses its elasticity

inhibits close vision

BS114—Anatomy & Physiology II (9 decks)

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