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BS114—Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 15 — Vision > Flashcards

Chapter 15 — Vision Flashcards

1
Q

What issue does this image display?

A

Hyperopia

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2
Q

What issue does this image display?

A

Myopia

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3
Q

definition of vision

A

the ability to perceive light

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4
Q

range of light waves humans can see

A

“visible spectrum”

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5
Q

define pigments

A

chemicals that absorb light of a certain wavelength and reflect all other light

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6
Q

the eye is…

A

a complex sensory organ that transduces photon stimuli into electrical signals

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7
Q

3 tunics of the eye

A

fibrous tunic

vascular tunic

neural tunic

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8
Q

the fibrous tunic includes…

A

sclera

cornea

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9
Q

the fibrous tunic is ______ tissue

A

connective

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10
Q

functions of sclera (2)

A

attaches eye to muscle and ocular orbit

helps maintain shape of the eye

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11
Q

the cornea covers the…

A

iris and pupil

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12
Q

2 ways in which the cornea is modified as connective tissue

A

transparent

heals quickly

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13
Q

functions of cornea (3)

A

protects eye from materials

curvature helps focus light onto retina during long-distance vision

covers anterior chamber

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14
Q

the anterior chamber contains…

A

aqueous humor

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15
Q

the posterior chamber contains…

A

vitreous humor

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16
Q

3 parts of vascular tunic

A

choroid

ciliary bodies

iris

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17
Q

the choroid contains…

A

vessels of the eye

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18
Q

the ciliary bodies are attached to the lens via

A

suspensory ligaments

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19
Q

function of ciliary bodies

A

to alter the shape of the lens, assisting in focusing incoming light

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20
Q

for long distance vision, the ciliary bodies are…

A

relaxed

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21
Q

for close vision, the ciliary bodies are

A

contracted

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22
Q

T/F

when the ciliary bodies are relaxed, there is no tension on the lens

A

false — contraction relaxes the tension on the lens

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23
Q

the shape of the lens during close vision

24
Q

other function of the ciliary bodies

A

contribute to formation of aqueous humor

25
function of the iris
responsible for controlling the amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil
26
the pupil must be kept smaller than the _____ by the \_\_\_\_\_
lens by the iris
27
2 sets of muscle fiber in the iris and their functions
circular smooth muscle around pupil — contraction decreases pupil size radial muscles around circular ones — contraction increases pupil size
28
2 parts of the neural layer
pigmented layer retina
29
functions of pigmented layer (3)
black color absorbs light after it has passed through the retina, to prevent it from scattering throughout the eye stores vitamin A capable of phagocytosis — delivers dead or damanged photoreceptors to the blood
30
the retina contains...
photoreceptors (rods and cones) bipolar cells ganglion cells
31
characteristics of rods
respond to low-intensity light only have one photopigment (Rhodopsin) more numerous than cones allow for night vision low visual acuity
32
why do rods provide low visual acuity, and cones high visual acuity?
multiple rods synapse with one ganglion cell, which makes the signal less clear only one cone synapses with one ganglion cell, which makes the signal pure
33
define "bleaching"
a flood of light after time in darkness breaks the bonds of all the Rhodopsin in the rods at once, making it hard to see for a few moments
34
characteristics of cones
respond to high light intensity and color 3 types — Red, Green, Blue high visual acuity
35
colorblind people don't produce enough of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
photopigment
36
rods and cones synapse with ______ cells, which synapse with ______ cells
bipolar ganglion
37
function of ganglion cells
conduct a visual signal to the CNS via their axons, which altogether form the optic nerve
38
function of the lens
participates with the cornea in focusing light onto the retina, particularly for close vision
39
during long distance vision the lens is... during close vision the lens is...
larger and thinner (parallel) biconvex
40
3 essential steps for close vision
accommodation - lens shape is altered by contraction of the ciliary bodies, allowing it to focus light onto the retina iris reduces pupil size so it is no larger than the lens eyes converge on the object you are looking at
41
functions of vitreous humor (2)
maintains shape of the eye holds the retina in place
42
chemicals which react with light
photopigment
43
the photopigment of a rod is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is made of an ______ molecule and a _______ molecule
Rhodopsin opsin retinol
44
in darkness, the retinol is \_\_\_\_\_\_; when light strikes, the retinol becomes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cisretinol transretinol
45
when the retinol undergoes conformational change from cis to trans...
the bond with opsin breaks and energy is released
46
IN DARKNESS photoreceptors are in a _________ state this state triggers release of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which prevents the opening of __ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on the bipolar cell the bipolar cell [does/does not] fire
depolarized glutamate Na+ channels does not
47
IN LIGHT light strikes photopigment and _____ is released as __ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on photoreceptor close, the receptor is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ inhibitory neurotransmitter [is/isn't] released the bipolar cell's Na+ channels are \_\_\_\_\_, causing the cell to \_\_\_\_ the bipolar sends ________ neurotransmitter to the ganglion cell
energy Na+ channels repolarized isn't open...fire excitatory
48
inhibitory NT is used in...
darkness
49
excitatory NT is used in...
light
50
in darkness, the photoreceptor's Na+ channels are \_\_\_\_\_, and in light they are \_\_\_\_\_
open closed
51
define depolarization
Na+ channels are open; inner membrane charge and outer charge are both positive
52
define repolarization
Na+ channels are closed; inner membrane charge is negative, outer charge is positive
53
function of glutamate
prevents the opening of Na+ channels on the bipolar cell
54
define myopia
lens curvature is too great or eye is too long light is focused in front of retina near-sightedness
55
define hyperopia
eye is too short or lens isn't curved enough light is focused "behind" retina far-sightedness
56
define presbyopia
with age, lens loses its elasticity inhibits close vision

BS114—Anatomy & Physiology II (9 decks)

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