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BS114—Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 12 — Nervous System Cont. > Flashcards

Chapter 12 — Nervous System Cont. Flashcards

1
Q

CNS =

A

brain + spinal cord

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2
Q

function of CNS

A

to control and regulate all other body systems in order to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

meaning of “control” function

A

turn things on and off

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4
Q

meaning of “regulate” function

A

control intensity of response

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5
Q

__________ (CNS) receive info from ______ neurons (PNS), deliver signal to _______ neurons (PNS), these neurons signal _______ (usually ______ or ______)

A

interneurons; sensory; motor; effectors; muscles or glands

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6
Q

monitoring mechanisms are

A

receptors

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7
Q

receptors can be ________ or ________

A

receptor cells or dendritic ends of sensory neurons

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8
Q

CNS ________ and ________ sensory information

A

processes and integrates

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9
Q

meaning of “processing”

A

evaluating whether a variable is too high or too low

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10
Q

meaning of “integration”

A

determining which motor commands need to be sent

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11
Q

2 basic types of memory

A

declarative and non-declarative

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12
Q

declarative memory is…

A

fact memory

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13
Q

non-declarative memory is…

A

procedures memory

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14
Q

remembering someone’s phone number is _______ memory

A

declarative

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15
Q

remembering how to do long division is ________ memory

A

non-declarative

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16
Q

stages of memory

A

immediate, short term, long term

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17
Q

process of moving a memory from one stage to another

A

consolidation

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18
Q

consolidation depends on…

A

repetition, emotion, senses

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19
Q

memory fading can be caused by…

A

no repetition, use, revisitation; aging; brain trauma, dementia

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20
Q

3 layers that envelop brain

A

meninges

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21
Q

3 functions of meninges

A

protects brain from mechanical injury

contains blood vessels & venous sinuses

contains a bit of CSF in subarachnoid space

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22
Q

outermost meninge

A

dura mater

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23
Q

the tissue of the dura mater has high _____ content

A

collagen

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24
Q

the _____ _____ attaches to the inner surface of the skull like a seat belt for the brain

A

dura mater

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25
Q

thin, fine middle meninge likened to spiderweb

A

arachnoid mater

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26
Q

thin inner meninge wrapped around surface of the brain

A

pia mater

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27
Q

4 ventricles of the brain

A

lateral ventricles

third ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

fourth ventricle

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28
Q

the _______ contain the majority of CSF in the brain

A

ventricles

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29
Q

main function of CSF

A

transport medium of the brain

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30
Q

ventricles are all _____ with one another, allowing…

A

continuous

flow of CSF

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31
Q

examples of materials exchanged between blood and CSF

A

oxygen

ions

lipids

amino acids

waste products

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32
Q

some chemicals would cause neurological dysfunction if they entered the brain—______ are in place to prevent this

A

barriers

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33
Q

this barrier regulates exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

A

blood brain barrier

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34
Q

the blood brain barrier utilizes ______ capillaries

A

continuous

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35
Q

the epithelial cells forming the wall of a continuous capillary have _______ junctions

A

tight

36
Q

in the blood brain barrier, _______ have extensions that wrap around a _______

A

astrocytes

capillary

37
Q

the blood brain barrier forces materials to move via _________ through both the epithelial cells of the capillary and the astrocyte membrane

the exception to this is the _________, which enters the nervous system through the blood and remains fixed there

A

transcytosis

monocyte

38
Q

in the blood brain barrier, ____ ______ materials can move through the membranes, but ____ ______ materials cannot

A

lipid soluble (can)

water soluble (cannot)

39
Q

*know one function for each structure

A
40
Q
A
41
Q

*know 1 function for each structure

A
42
Q
A
43
Q
A
44
Q

*know 1 function for each structure

A
45
Q
A
46
Q

four main divisions of the brain

A

cerebrum

diencephalon

cerebellum

brainstem

47
Q

3 structures of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex

basal nuclei

limbic system

48
Q

3 structures of the diencephalon

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

epithalamus

49
Q

4 structures of the brainstem

A

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

reticular formation

50
Q

motor area of the cerebral cortex & function

A

primary motor cortex

plans and executes movement

51
Q

sensory areas of the cerebral cortex (6) and functions

A

primary somatosensory cortex — interprets incoming somatic sensory stimuli

primary visual cortex — interprets and processes visual stimuli

primary auditory cortex — processes auditory stimuli

gustatory cortex — processes taste stimuli

vestibular areas — processes stimuli relating to equilibrium and balance

olfactory cortex — processes smell stimuli

52
Q

the _____ ______ barrier regulates exchange of materials between the blood and the CSF in the ventricles

A

blood CSF barrier

53
Q

The blood-CSF barrier regulates…

A

exchange of materials between the blood and the CSF of the ventricles

54
Q

in the blood CSF barrier, capillaries meet the ventricle at the ____ _____

A

choroid plexus

55
Q

which barrier involves astrocytes?

A

blood-brain barrier

56
Q

which barrier involves the choroid plexus?

A

blood-CSF barrier

57
Q

________ cells line the ventricles — capillary walls attach to these cells via a _______ ________

A

ependymal

basement membrane

58
Q

ependymal cells have _____ which face into the ventricle

A

cilia

59
Q

in the blood-CSF barrier, materials move via ________ through the epithelial cells of the capillary wall and then through the ependymal cells

A

transcytosis

60
Q

why is material exhange between blood and the brain strictly regulated?

A

many materials in the blood would cause neurological dysfunction if they entered the brain

61
Q

2 downsides to barriers in the brain

A

if there is an infection in the brain, drugs must be created which can pass through the brain’s barriers

some subtances can pass through the barriers which cause dysfunction (alcohol, THC, other drugs)

62
Q

define gray matter

A

brain tissue composed of neural cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses

63
Q

define white matter

A

tissue composed of bundles of axons

64
Q

why is white matter white?

A

myelination of axons

65
Q

define nuclei

A

clusters of neural cell bodies and dendrites that work as a unit to process specific information

66
Q

define tract

A

word used in the place of ‘nerve’ for ‘nerves’ within the CNS

67
Q

3 types of ‘areas’ of the cerebrum

A

motor

sensory

association

68
Q

the cerebrum functions in… (5)

A

consciousness, thinking, learning, memory, emotions

69
Q

define hemispheric lateralization

A

there are left and right hemispheres of the brain and each side processes information differently

70
Q

the left hemisphere is associated with…

A

reasoning, logic, numerical and scientific skills, use and understanding of language (written, spoken, sign)

71
Q

the right hemisphere is associated with…

A

music, artistic awareness, space & pattern recognition, facial recognition, facial expression, emotional content of language, discriminating odors

72
Q

main functions of the diencephalon

A

routes sensory information to cerebral cortex

assists in motor function by transmitting information from cerebellum and basal ganglia to motor areas of cerebral cortex

73
Q

main functions of cerebellum

A

regulates posture & balance

coordinates with motor areas of cerebrum to allow for smooth voluntary movement

74
Q

the cerebellum can deteriorate with _____ or _____ ______

A

age or brain trauma

75
Q

main functions of brainstem

A

controls & regulates basic body functions

controls & regulates sleep patterns

coordinates many reflexes

76
Q

two differences between the brain meninges and the spinal meninges

A

the dura mater lacks the outer layer

the pia mater has dentriculate extensions which attach the spinal cord to the vertebral column

77
Q

function of the spinal cord

A

acts as a relay of sensory information up the ascending tracts, and motor signals down the descending tracts

78
Q

some reflexes are very fast because they…

A

are controlled by the spinal cord and do not have to come from the brain

79
Q

3 functions of sensory receptors

A

help maintain homeostasis by monitoring variables and sending signals to the CNS

danger aversion

experience pleasure

80
Q

3 aspects of a sensory receptor

A

specificity

receptive field

transduction

81
Q

definition of transduction

A

the conversion by a sensory receptor of a stimulus into an electrical signal

82
Q

a stimulus is only transduced if…

A

the receptor is specific to the stimulus and the stimulus occurs within the receptive field

83
Q

two types of graded potentials & explanations

A

generator potential: created if the receptor is the dendritic ends of a sensory neuron

receptor potential: created in an individual receptor cell

84
Q

receptor cells are paired with a _____ _____

A

sensory neuron

85
Q

when the graded potential (of either type) reaches the axon hillock…

A

it becomes an action potential

86
Q

an electrical signal can be blocked by…

A

chemicals that bind to a neuron’s dendritic ends, preventing neurotransmitter from binding to them

87
Q

two ways of classifying sensory receptors

A

by structure (whether they are a receptor cell or the dendritic ends of a sensory neuron)

by function (what kind of stimulus they respond to)

BS114—Anatomy & Physiology II (9 decks)

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