Chapter 20 — Immune System Adaptive

Question 1

immunity is due to…

Answer 1

memory cells

Question 2

2 qualities of immunity

Answer 2

specificity to a certain antigen

memory

Question 3

memory cells are held in…

Answer 3

inactive form

Question 4

4 classes of immunity

Answer 4

natural active

artificial active

natural passive

artificial passive

Question 5

explain natural active immunity

Answer 5

person is infected, survives, and develops memory cells

Question 6

explain artificial active immunity

Answer 6

person is injected with killed or weakened antigen and develops memory cells

Question 7

explain natural passive immunity

Answer 7

infant receives antibodies from mother through placenta or in breast milk

Question 8

explain artificial passive immunity

Answer 8

person is injected with antibodies

Question 9

example of artificial active immunity

Answer 9

a vaccine

Question 10

example of artificial passive immunity

Answer 10

antivenom

Question 11

most vaccines include a _____ form of an antigen

Answer 11

killed

Question 12

why did polio vaccines stop using weakened pathogens?

Answer 12

they would revert back to their normal state in the child’s body, and the child’s caregivers could get polio

Question 13

to form a weakened antigen…

Answer 13

it is mutated to form a weaker strand

Question 14

passive immunity relies on _______, which means it is temporary because…

Answer 14

antibodies

they clear away eventually

Question 15

______ classes provide long-term immunity and ________ classes provide short-term immunity

Answer 15

active

passive

Question 16

2 types of immunity

Answer 16

cellular

humoral

Question 17

cells associated with cellular immunity

these cells attack antigens…

Answer 17

T-cells

attack directly

Question 18

cells associated with humoral immunity

these cells attack antigens…

Answer 18

B-cells

indirectly

Question 19

4 types of T-cells

Answer 19

cytotoxic

helper

regulatory

memory

Question 20

function of cytotoxic t-cells

Answer 20

attack antigens directly

Question 21

function of helper t-cells

Answer 21

produce interleukin

Question 22

interleukin is produced and secreted by ______ _____ and its functions are…(4)

Answer 22

helper t-cells

attracts WBCs to antigens, stimulates phagocytosis, stimulates WBC mitosis, causes maturation of t-cells & b-cells

Question 23

function of regulatory t-cells

Answer 23

limit immune response after success in fighting antigen

Question 24

unregulated immune response to covid could be a result of…

Answer 24

regulatory t-cell failure

Question 25

function of memory t-cells

Answer 25

inactive subset of cells in reserve that can become active if body is reinfected with the antigen they "remember"

Question 26

function of b-cells

Answer 26

produce antibodies

Question 27

2 types of b-cells

Answer 27

plasma b-cells memory b-cells

Question 28

function of plasma b-cells

Answer 28

when activated, produce a certain antibody

Question 29

function of memory b-cells

Answer 29

inactive, can produce their specific antibody if activated

Question 30

y-shaped proteins that can defend the body

Answer 30

antibodies

Question 31

4 mechanisms by which antibodies defend body

Answer 31

neutralization complement fixation agglutination precipitation

Question 32

explain neutralization

Answer 32

antibody binds to an area on an antigen that it might use to gain entry to a cell

Question 33

complement fixation (by antibodies) allows it to... (4)

Answer 33

Bind to antigen-antibody complexes for immune clearance Enhance phagocytosis Use cytolysis Signal basophils and mast cells for inflammatory response

Question 34

explain agglutination

Answer 34

antibodies bind cells together in a clump that cannot move readily and becomes a larger target

Question 35

explain precipitation

Answer 35

antibodies bind antigenic chemical molecules together - limits their spread

Question 36

what is the difference between agglutination and precipitation?

Answer 36

agglutination - works on pathogenic cells (bacteria) precipitation - works on pathogenic chemicals

Question 37

5 antibody classes

Answer 37

IgA IgD IgG IgE IgM

Question 38

IgA is found in _____ and functions in...

Answer 38

saliva agglutination and neutralization

Question 39

IgD is found on... and has a role in...

Answer 39

surface of B-cells B-cell sensitization and activation

Question 40

IgG is found in ____ and functions in...

Answer 40

serum (blood plasma) neutralization and complement fixation

Question 41

IgE is found in ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ and...

Answer 41

mucous membranes facilitates inflammation by binding mast cells to basophils

Question 42

IgM is found in _____ and _____ and functions in...

Answer 42

blood and lymph agglutination and precipitation

Question 43

explain antigen presenting cells

Answer 43

WBCs (mostly phagocytes) put an antigen's epitopes on their own cell membrane to "show" other WBCs - activates T & B cells