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BS114—Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 16 — Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16 — Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Pituitary — hormone, target, effect

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

adrenal glands

stimulates synthesis of steroid hormones

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2
Q

Thyroid — hormone, target, effect

A

triiodothyronine

most body cells

sets basal metabolic rate

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3
Q

Parathyroid — hormone, target, effect

A

parathyroid hormone

osteoclasts in bone

stimulates release of Ca into blood

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4
Q

Adrenal glands — hormone, target, effect

A

cortisol

adipocytes

triggers lypolysis (fat breakdown)

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5
Q

Pineal gland — hormone, target, effect

A

melatonin

sleep-regulating centers of reticular formation

adusts sleep phase of sleep-wake cycles

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6
Q

Pancreas — hormone, target, effect

A

glucagon

liver cells

triggers breakdown of glygogen to glucose (glycogenolysis)

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7
Q

Hypothalamus — hormone, target, effect

A

oxytocin

mammary glands

causes milk ejection

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8
Q

Thymus — hormone, target, effect

A

thymosin

nearby thymus cells

assists in T lymphocyte maturation

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9
Q

Ovaries — hormone, target, effect

A

estrogens

most body cells

stimulate developent of female secondary sex characteristics

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10
Q

Testes — hormone, target, effect

A

testosterone

muscle cells

increases muscle mass

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11
Q

Kidneys — hormone, target, effect

A

erythropoietin

red bone marrow

increases rate of erythrocyte formation

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12
Q

Stomach — hormone, target, effect

A

gastrin

nearby stomach cells

triggers gastric acid secretion

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13
Q

Liver — hormone, target, effect

A

angiotensinogen

meets with renin in blood

converted to angiotensin-I

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14
Q

Heart — hormone, target, effect

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

smooth muscle in blood vessel walls

relaxes muscle cells, causing vasodilation

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15
Q

Adipose tissue — hormone, target, effect

A

leptin

brain

promotes satiety

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16
Q

The endocrine system is the…

A

second greatest system for controlling and regulating other body systems

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17
Q

the ______ _____ can control the endocrine system

A

nervous system

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18
Q

nervous vs endocrine: signals

A

nervous: motor commands (electric)
endo: hormones (chemical)

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19
Q

nervous vs endocrine: transportation

A

nervous: motor neurons
endo: blood (or, for eicosanoids, ISF)

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20
Q

nervous vs endocrine: control level

A

nervous: muscle or glands
endo: cellular level

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21
Q

nervous vs endocrine: response time

A

nervous: immediate
endo: within a range, immediate to prolonged

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22
Q

nervous vs endocrine: response duration

A

nervous: very short
endo: prolonged - seconds to days

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23
Q

hormones interact directly with ____ to…

A

cells to alter their metabolic activity

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24
Q

example of an immediate hormone

A

adrenaline

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25
Q

example of a prolonged hormone

A

estrogen & progesterone

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26
Q

5 processes controlled & regulated by endocrine system

A

reproduction

growth & development

mobilization of immune defenses

maintaining correct ion, nutrient, water levels in blood

regulating cellular metabolism and energy balance

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27
Q

hormones associated with reproduction

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

luteinizing hormone

estrogen

progesterone

testosterone

28
Q

cell differentiation begins through…

A

hormone signalling

29
Q

puberty triggered by…

A

hormones

30
Q

action of hormones in immune system

A

alert immune system of infection, or reduce its response

31
Q

effects of too much or too little water in blood

A

too much - raises blood pressure

too little - blood becomes viscous and heart must work harder to pump it

32
Q

high Na+ in blood will…

A

draw water into blood, “water follows salt”

33
Q

medication that inhibits epinephrine

A

beta blockers

34
Q

_____ and _____ regulate glucose levels

A

insulin & glucagon

35
Q

2 chemical structures of hormones

A

protein-based

lipid-based

36
Q

explain eicosanoids

A

hormones that only work at a local level, transported through ISF and do not enter blood

37
Q

eicosanoid example

A

gastrin

38
Q

hormones only act on _____ ____ which have…

A

target cells

receptors for a specific hormone

39
Q

what controls what enters and exits cell?

A

phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane

40
Q

phospholipid heads are _______ and tails are _______

A

hydrophilic

hydrophobic

41
Q

function of hydrophilic heads

A

pulls cytosol and ISF toward membrane, allowing for material exchange

42
Q

explain how protein-based and lipid-based hormones bind to a receptor

A

protein based are water-soluble and cannot pass through membrane - their receptors are outside of cell

lipid-based are not water-soluble and can pass through membrane - their receptors are inside of cell

43
Q

explain 2nd messenger system

A

protein-based hormone binds to receptor on outside of cell

activates G-protein on inside of cell - G-protein moves along membrane until it reaches an adenylate cyclase enzyme

activates adenylate cyclase and it produces cyclic AMP (cAMP)

cAMP activates protein kinases, causing a chemical cascade event of kinases

kinases can alter cell metabolism

44
Q

what is the 2nd messenger?

A

cAMP

45
Q

protein based hormones are hydro____

A

philic

46
Q

lipid based hormones are hydro____

A

phobic

47
Q

explain direct activation

A

a lipid-based hormone enters the target cell

hormone binds to receptors and they diffuse into nucleus

receptors bind at promotor region of a certain gene - initiates transcription

mRNA copies move into cytoplasm for translation

many copies of a protein can be produced

48
Q

3 other factors that influence target cell activation (besides receptor presence)

A

hormone blood levels

receptor affinity

number of receptors present

49
Q

explain hormone blood levels

A

hormones diffuse out at every capillary - hormone levels must rise so that enough of it reaches target cells

50
Q

hormones that accumulate in blood

A

estrogen & progesterone

51
Q

explain receptor affinity

A

how well a hormone binds to a receptor - some make strong bonds, others can fall off

52
Q

a hormone/cell with high receptor affinity needs ____ receptors

A

fewer

53
Q

explain up/down regulation

A

up-regulation: cell produces more receptors

down-regulation: cell removes receptors

54
Q

explain half life of hormones

A

hormones are chemicals subject to decay over time

55
Q

what can remove hormones from blood?

A

kidney and liver

56
Q

why don’t hormones persist at high levels?

A

to protect us from harmful effects (ie adrenaline)

57
Q

3 types of hormone interactions

A

permissiveness

synergism

antagonism

58
Q

explain permissiveness

A

one hormone requires the presence of another hormone to exert its full effect

59
Q

example of permissiveness

A

thyroid hormone acts as a permissive hormone for LH, FSH, E & P during development of female reproductive tract

60
Q

explain synergism

A

two hormones with the same effect have an amplified effect when present together

61
Q

synergism example

A

epinephrine and glucagon breaking down glycogen

62
Q

explain antagonism

A

two hormones with opposite effects work against one another

63
Q

antagonism example

A

progesterone triggers thickening of uterus’ endometrial lining, estrogen triggers shedding of it

64
Q

3 ways the hormone interactions work

A

they can compete for the same receptor

they can act through different metabolic pathways

they can cause down-regulation of another hormone’s receptor

65
Q

3 stimuli of hormones

A

neural stimuli - motor command to gland

humoral stimuli - gland cells monitor ion, water, nutrient, etc levels in blood and respond to rising or falling out of normal range

hormonal stimuli - gland is stimulated by another hormone

BS114—Anatomy & Physiology II (9 decks)

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