Chapter 16 — Endocrine System Flashcards by Samantha Boyer

Pituitary — hormone, target, effect

adrenocorticotropic hormone

adrenal glands

stimulates synthesis of steroid hormones

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Thyroid — hormone, target, effect

triiodothyronine

most body cells

sets basal metabolic rate

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Parathyroid — hormone, target, effect

parathyroid hormone

osteoclasts in bone

stimulates release of Ca into blood

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Adrenal glands — hormone, target, effect

cortisol

adipocytes

triggers lypolysis (fat breakdown)

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Pineal gland — hormone, target, effect

melatonin

sleep-regulating centers of reticular formation

adusts sleep phase of sleep-wake cycles

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Pancreas — hormone, target, effect

glucagon

liver cells

triggers breakdown of glygogen to glucose (glycogenolysis)

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Hypothalamus — hormone, target, effect

oxytocin

mammary glands

causes milk ejection

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Thymus — hormone, target, effect

thymosin

nearby thymus cells

assists in T lymphocyte maturation

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Ovaries — hormone, target, effect

estrogens

most body cells

stimulate developent of female secondary sex characteristics

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Testes — hormone, target, effect

testosterone

muscle cells

increases muscle mass

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Kidneys — hormone, target, effect

erythropoietin

red bone marrow

increases rate of erythrocyte formation

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Stomach — hormone, target, effect

gastrin

nearby stomach cells

triggers gastric acid secretion

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Liver — hormone, target, effect

angiotensinogen

meets with renin in blood

converted to angiotensin-I

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Heart — hormone, target, effect

atrial natriuretic peptide

smooth muscle in blood vessel walls

relaxes muscle cells, causing vasodilation

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Adipose tissue — hormone, target, effect

leptin

brain

promotes satiety

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The endocrine system is the…

second greatest system for controlling and regulating other body systems

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the ______ _____ can control the endocrine system

nervous system

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nervous vs endocrine: signals

nervous: motor commands (electric)
endo: hormones (chemical)

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nervous vs endocrine: transportation

nervous: motor neurons
endo: blood (or, for eicosanoids, ISF)

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nervous vs endocrine: control level

nervous: muscle or glands
endo: cellular level

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nervous vs endocrine: response time

nervous: immediate
endo: within a range, immediate to prolonged

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nervous vs endocrine: response duration

nervous: very short
endo: prolonged - seconds to days

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hormones interact directly with ____ to…

cells to alter their metabolic activity

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example of an immediate hormone

adrenaline

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example of a prolonged hormone

estrogen & progesterone

5 processes controlled & regulated by endocrine system

reproduction growth & development mobilization of immune defenses maintaining correct ion, nutrient, water levels in blood regulating cellular metabolism and energy balance

hormones associated with reproduction

follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone estrogen progesterone testosterone

cell differentiation begins through...

hormone signalling

puberty triggered by...

hormones

action of hormones in immune system

alert immune system of infection, or reduce its response

effects of too much or too little water in blood

too much - raises blood pressure too little - blood becomes viscous and heart must work harder to pump it

high Na+ in blood will...

draw water into blood, "water follows salt"

medication that inhibits epinephrine

beta blockers

\_\_\_\_\_ and _____ regulate glucose levels

insulin & glucagon

2 chemical structures of hormones

protein-based lipid-based

explain eicosanoids

hormones that only work at a local level, transported through ISF and do not enter blood

eicosanoid example

gastrin

hormones only act on _____ \_\_\_\_ which have...

target cells receptors for a specific hormone

what controls what enters and exits cell?

phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane

phospholipid heads are _______ and tails are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

hydrophilic hydrophobic

function of hydrophilic heads

pulls cytosol and ISF toward membrane, allowing for material exchange

explain how protein-based and lipid-based hormones bind to a receptor

protein based are water-soluble and cannot pass through membrane - their receptors are outside of cell lipid-based are not water-soluble and can pass through membrane - their receptors are inside of cell

explain 2nd messenger system

protein-based hormone binds to receptor on outside of cell activates G-protein on inside of cell - G-protein moves along membrane until it reaches an adenylate cyclase enzyme activates adenylate cyclase and it produces cyclic AMP (cAMP) cAMP activates protein kinases, causing a chemical cascade event of kinases kinases can alter cell metabolism

what is the 2nd messenger?

cAMP

protein based hormones are hydro\_\_\_\_

philic

lipid based hormones are hydro\_\_\_\_

phobic

explain direct activation

a lipid-based hormone enters the target cell hormone binds to receptors and they diffuse into nucleus receptors bind at promotor region of a certain gene - initiates transcription mRNA copies move into cytoplasm for translation many copies of a protein can be produced

3 other factors that influence target cell activation (besides receptor presence)

hormone blood levels receptor affinity number of receptors present

explain hormone blood levels

hormones diffuse out at every capillary - hormone levels must rise so that enough of it reaches target cells

hormones that accumulate in blood

estrogen & progesterone

explain receptor affinity

how well a hormone binds to a receptor - some make strong bonds, others can fall off

a hormone/cell with high receptor affinity needs ____ receptors

fewer

explain up/down regulation

up-regulation: cell produces more receptors down-regulation: cell removes receptors

explain half life of hormones

hormones are chemicals subject to decay over time

what can remove hormones from blood?

kidney and liver

why don't hormones persist at high levels?

to protect us from harmful effects (ie adrenaline)

3 types of hormone interactions

permissiveness synergism antagonism

explain permissiveness

one hormone requires the presence of another hormone to exert its full effect

example of permissiveness

thyroid hormone acts as a permissive hormone for LH, FSH, E & P during development of female reproductive tract

explain synergism

two hormones with the same effect have an amplified effect when present together

synergism example

epinephrine and glucagon breaking down glycogen

explain antagonism

two hormones with opposite effects work against one another

antagonism example

progesterone triggers thickening of uterus' endometrial lining, estrogen triggers shedding of it

3 ways the hormone interactions work

they can compete for the same receptor they can act through different metabolic pathways they can cause down-regulation of another hormone's receptor

3 stimuli of hormones

neural stimuli - motor command to gland humoral stimuli - gland cells monitor ion, water, nutrient, etc levels in blood and respond to rising or falling out of normal range hormonal stimuli - gland is stimulated by another hormone