Chapter 20: Heart and Neck Vessels Flashcards
angina pectoris
acute chest pain that occurs when myocardial demand exceeds its oxygen supply
aortic regurgitation
(aortic insufficiency) incompetent aortic valve that allows backward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole
aortic stenosis
calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole
aortic valve
the left semilunar valve separating the left ventricle and the aorta
apex of the heart
tip of the heart pointing down toward the 5th left intercostal space
apical impulse
point of maximal impulse (PMI); pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates against the chest wall during systole, normally at the 5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line
base of the heart
broader area of heart’s outline located at the third right and left intercostal spaces
Bell (of the stethoscope)
cup-shaped endpiece used for soft, low-pitched heart sounds
bradycardia
slow heart rate, less than 50 beats per minute in the adult
clubbing
bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges of fingers and toes that occurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions
coarctation of aorta
severe narrowing of the descending aorta, a congenital heart defect
cor pulmonale
right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
cyanosis
dusky blue mottling of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive amounts of reduced hemoglobin in blood
diaphragm (of the stethoscope)
flat endpiece of the stethoscope used for hearing relatively high-pitched heart sounds
automaticity
why the heart can contract by itself, independent of signals or stimuli
S1
-lub
-start of the systolic
-opening of semilunar valves called the pulmonary and biscuspid valves
-loudest at the apex (mitral)
-
S2
dub
stenosis
doesn’t open properly
regurgitation
doesn’t close properly
Grade I murmur
faintest murmur that can be detected
Grade II murmur
faint, but clearly audible
Grade III murmur
moderately loud, easy to hear
Grade IV murmur
loud, thrill may be palpable
Grade V murmur
loudest possible, thrill may be palpable
cardiac output
stroke volume x rate
heart “preload”
volume
heart “afterload”
pressure
Frank-Sterling Law
the greater the stretch, the stronger the contraction of the heart
apical pulse
found at 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line
aortic valve
2nd intercostal space, right sternal border
pulmonic valve
2nd intercostal space, left sternal border
Erb’s Point
3rd intercostal space, left sternal border
tricuspid valve
4th intercostal space, left sternal border
mitral valve
5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line
ascites
fluid in peritoneal cavity
hyperkinetic states
-exercise
-anxiety
-fever
thrill
palpable vibration
bruit
turbulent blood flow, occlusion in carotid artery, noise
arteriosclerosis
stiff, noncompliant aorta, causes high BP
aging adult
cardiac output doesn’t increase as much while exercising
heart failure
distended external jugular vein, increased central venous pressure, increased volume
characteristic of sound: intensity
loudness
characteristic of sound: frequency
pitch
isolated systolic hypertension
increase in systolic blood pressure with aging, caused by thickening and stiffening of the large arteries (like aorta)
syncope
fainting, from cerebral ischemia. may occur in older adults with hypertension or occlusion of the carotid artery
