Chapter 20: Heart and Neck Vessels

Question 1

angina pectoris

Answer 1

acute chest pain that occurs when myocardial demand exceeds its oxygen supply

Question 2

aortic regurgitation

Answer 2

(aortic insufficiency) incompetent aortic valve that allows backward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole

Question 3

aortic stenosis

Answer 3

calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole

Question 4

aortic valve

Answer 4

the left semilunar valve separating the left ventricle and the aorta

Question 5

apex of the heart

Answer 5

tip of the heart pointing down toward the 5th left intercostal space

Question 6

apical impulse

Answer 6

point of maximal impulse (PMI); pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates against the chest wall during systole, normally at the 5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Question 7

base of the heart

Answer 7

broader area of heart’s outline located at the third right and left intercostal spaces

Question 8

Bell (of the stethoscope)

Answer 8

cup-shaped endpiece used for soft, low-pitched heart sounds

Question 9

bradycardia

Answer 9

slow heart rate, less than 50 beats per minute in the adult

Question 10

clubbing

Answer 10

bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges of fingers and toes that occurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions

Question 11

coarctation of aorta

Answer 11

severe narrowing of the descending aorta, a congenital heart defect

Question 12

cor pulmonale

Answer 12

right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension

Question 13

cyanosis

Answer 13

dusky blue mottling of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive amounts of reduced hemoglobin in blood

Question 14

diaphragm (of the stethoscope)

Answer 14

flat endpiece of the stethoscope used for hearing relatively high-pitched heart sounds

Question 15

automaticity

Answer 15

why the heart can contract by itself, independent of signals or stimuli

Question 16

S1

Answer 16

-lub
-start of the systolic
-opening of semilunar valves called the pulmonary and biscuspid valves
-loudest at the apex (mitral)
-

Question 17

S2

Answer 17

dub

Question 18

stenosis

Answer 18

doesn’t open properly

Question 19

regurgitation

Answer 19

doesn’t close properly

Question 20

Grade I murmur

Answer 20

faintest murmur that can be detected

Question 21

Grade II murmur

Answer 21

faint, but clearly audible

Question 22

Grade III murmur

Answer 22

moderately loud, easy to hear

Question 23

Grade IV murmur

Answer 23

loud, thrill may be palpable

Question 24

Grade V murmur

Answer 24

loudest possible, thrill may be palpable

Question 25

cardiac output

Answer 25

stroke volume x rate

Question 26

heart “preload”

Answer 26

volume

Question 27

heart “afterload”

Answer 27

pressure

Question 28

Frank-Sterling Law

Answer 28

the greater the stretch, the stronger the contraction of the heart

Question 29

apical pulse

Answer 29

found at 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line

Question 30

aortic valve

Answer 30

2nd intercostal space, right sternal border

Question 31

pulmonic valve

Answer 31

2nd intercostal space, left sternal border

Question 32

Erb’s Point

Answer 32

3rd intercostal space, left sternal border

Question 33

tricuspid valve

Answer 33

4th intercostal space, left sternal border

Question 34

mitral valve

Answer 34

5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line

Question 35

ascites

Answer 35

fluid in peritoneal cavity

Question 36

hyperkinetic states

Answer 36

-exercise
-anxiety
-fever

Question 37

thrill

Answer 37

palpable vibration

Question 38

bruit

Answer 38

turbulent blood flow, occlusion in carotid artery, noise

Question 39

arteriosclerosis

Answer 39

stiff, noncompliant aorta, causes high BP

Question 40

aging adult

Answer 40

cardiac output doesn’t increase as much while exercising

Question 41

heart failure

Answer 41

distended external jugular vein, increased central venous pressure, increased volume

Question 42

characteristic of sound: intensity

Answer 42

loudness

Question 43

characteristic of sound: frequency

Answer 43

pitch

Question 44

isolated systolic hypertension

Answer 44

increase in systolic blood pressure with aging, caused by thickening and stiffening of the large arteries (like aorta)

Question 45

syncope

Answer 45

fainting, from cerebral ischemia. may occur in older adults with hypertension or occlusion of the carotid artery