Chapter 20: DNA Tools and Biotech Flashcards
adult stem cells
the kind of stem cells (i.e. bone marrow, intestinal cryps) that can be used to replace non reproducing cells
Specialize into a limited number of cell types compared to embryonic stem cells
genetic profile
the parts of each person’s DNA that is unique from other people’s
used to ID people in crime solving efforts
Expression vector
a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter
one of the methods used to overcome compatibility differences between control elements of eukaryotic genes and the bacterial vectors you’re trying to clone them in
Transgenic animals
what you call an animal that has had genes introduced into its genome from another species
we do this to animals so that they can/will produce high volumes of otherwise rare compounds for medical use
Restriction Enzymes
Bouncers of the cell
enzymes that bacteria usually use to cut out DNA from viruses, but we use them in biotech to make recombinant DNA plasmids
to cut DNA molecules at specific sequences (called restriction sites)
Nucleic acid hybridization
key to many DNA tech tools
base pairing of one strand of nucleic acid to the complementary sequence of another strand
DNA cloning (2 types)
- Gene cloning
2. Organismal cloning
Plasmid
Small, circular DNA molecule used as a vector to grow/manipulate genes/create recombinant DNA in the lab
Whole genome shotgun approach
newer/cheaper approach to DNA sequencing
was used to map the human genome;
Whole genome shotgun approach
sequencing method that involves randomly breaking up DNA sequences into lots of small pieces and then reassembling the sequence by looking for regions of overlap.
bypasses the time-consuming mapping and cloning steps that requires slow process of DNA be broken into large chunks, which are then broken into smaller chunks
newer/cheaper approach to DNA sequencing
was used to map the human genome;
Recombinant DNA
DNA from different sources (like when you mix banana DNA with fish DNA ha!)
Sticky ends
The restriction fragments you get when DNA is cut in a staggered manner during creation of recombinant DNA plasmids (in the lab)
Transgenic animals
what you call an animal that has had genes introduced into its genome from another species
we do this to animals so that they can/will produce hight volumes of otherwise rare compounds for medical use
Genetic engineering
the direct manipulating of genes for practical purposes
Map based sequencing
Cut DNA into smaller, overlapping pieces that are short enough for sequencing, clone the fragments, sequence each fragment, then use computer to order the sequences into an overall sequence
Polymerase Chain Reaction PCF
when you use a special polymerase (like taq polymerase) to copy desired segments of DNA strands
- denaturing (heating)
- annealation (cooling)
- extension (replication)
Can produce more than 1 billion molecules in 30 replication cycles
Gene cloning
1 of 2 types of DNA cloning
produces multiple copies of a single gene; used for improving medicines (exp. insulin) or transferring genes that make orgs better (exp. more resistant to drought)
Transformation
Inserting a new piece of DNA into a bacteria
Map based sequencing
po’ man’s shotgun sequencing
Cut DNA into smaller, overlapping pieces that are short enough for sequencing, clone the fragments, sequence each fragment, then use computer to order the sequences into an overall sequence
in situ hybridization
when you use fluorescent dyes attached to probes to ID the location of specific mRNAs in place in an intact organism
Do this to analyze the mRNA’s expression and function
Biotechnology
The manipulation of organism or their components to make useful products
DNA sequencing
mapping? the complete nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule
First method was dideoxy/chain termination sequencing
complementary DNA (cDNA)
when you use a reverse transcriptase enzyme to write the complimentary strand to an mRNA strand (bc this essentially tells/gives you the sequence for the DNA strand that the mRNA strand came from WITHOUT having to deal with the introns that were cut out)
Bacterial plasmid
plasmids from bacteria that feature:
- Origin of replication
- Genes for antibiotic resistance
- Multiple cloning sites
Favorable plasmids for for use as cloning vectors bc they’re readily available, easily manipulated, multiply rapidly
Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chains reaction (RT-PCR)
when scientists exploit the ability of reverse transcriptase to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) from mRNA transcripts, and then use PCR to amplify regions of interest
Usually also involves electrophoresis
Organismal cloning
1 of 2 types of DNA cloning
when a new organism is cloned using a single cell from the parent
exp. nuclear transplantation
embryonic stem cells
the kind of stem cells that can reproduce indefinitely
not the same as adult stem cells
electroporation
when scientists apply an electrical shock to eukaryotic cells to produce a temporary hole in the plasma membrane which DNA can be inserted through
unless they just use a really tiny needle instead
Stem cells
cells that are not differentiated/specialized and can reproduce indefinitely OR can be made to specialized into whatever we want in the right conditions
stem cells become precursor cells then precursor cells become specialized cells
Recombinant Plasmid
What you get after you’ve cut up DNA into fragments (ideally, with sticky ends) and sealed them together (with DNA ligase)
Vector
DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed
exp. plasmid
nuclear transplantation
exp. of organismal cloning were the nucleus of an unfertilized egg or zygote is replaced with the nucleus of a differentiated cell
regulatory processes/epigenetic changes (like histone methylation and base acetylation) have to be undone in order for this to work right
Frequently results in death and defects
Short tandem repeats (STR)
the markers in analysis of genetic profiles
