Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Antiparallel elongation

A

the process by which DNA polymerases can only travel along the DNA strand from the 5 prime end to the 3 prime end

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2
Q

Telemorase

A

enzyme that creates/attaches the telomere base sequences to the ends of DNA strands to fill in the gaps left during replication (each replication causes the strand to get shorter and shorter)

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3
Q

(nucleotide) excision repair

A

nuclease enzyme cuts out and removed damaged stretch of DNA, then DNA polymerase replaces the removed nucleotide with the correct one

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4
Q

Origins of DNA replication

A

Particular sites on DNA where replication begins

Two strands open up in a replication ‘bubble’

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5
Q

(Bacterio)phage

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

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6
Q

Mismatch REpair

A

when enzymes other than DNA polymerase can correct nucleotides

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7
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork

also proofreads newly made DNA & replaces incorrect nucleotides

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8
Q

heterochromatin

A

highly condensed chromatin that exists during interphase

exps. telomeres and centromeres

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9
Q

Chargaff’s rule (from before we knew about the double helix)

A
  1. base composition of DNA varies between species

2. In any species, the number of adenines and thymines are equal, and the number of cytosines and guanines are equal.

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10
Q

Helicases

A

enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks

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11
Q

(Debunked) Conservative model of DNA replication

A

original double-stranded helix somehow codes for a completely new double helix while still maintaining the original double helix.

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12
Q

Transformation

A

Changes in genotype and phenotype d/t assimilation (like when Griffith put dead toxic virus DNA in live harmless virus and the harmless virus became toxic)

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13
Q

pyramidines

A

The 2 nitrogenous bases whose molecule consists of 1 ring (cytosine and thymine)

Purines pair up with pyramidines

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14
Q

DNA ligase

A

holds together the Okazaki fragments by joining their sugar-phosphate backbone

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15
Q

DNA pol III

A

synthesizes the leading strand of DNA during replication

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16
Q

Nuclease

A

enzyme that cuts out nucleotide mistakes in DNA strands during replication

17
Q

Single strand binding proteins

A

bind to a strand of the unzipped DNA (during replication) to stabilize it/keep it from snapping back to the other parent strand

18
Q

DNA Replication (3 steps)

A
  1. Orgins form to initiate replication
  2. Synthesize the leading strand
  3. Synthesize the lagging strand
19
Q

Telomere

A

the ends of DNA molecules (made of special nucleotide sequences)

reduces/slows the rate of erosion/shortening of genes at the end of the DNA molecules

20
Q

euchromatin

A

loosely condensed chromatin

21
Q

Antiparallel strands (of DNA)

A

describes that fact that DNA lines up is 5 to 3 prime ends in an antiparallel fashion with its 3 to 5 prime end

22
Q

Virus

A

DNA or RNA enclosed in a protective coat

Coat usually made of protein

23
Q

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase experiment

A

Used T2 viruses to infect e. coli to prove DNA was the genetic material

Made T2 protein and DNA radioactive, then infected bacteria cells with them, one at a time. Protein did not go into the host cell, but DNA did

24
Q

nucleiod

A

the place in bacteria where DNA is coiled together (instead of in a nucleus like with eukaryotes)

25
Q

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

A

used x-ray crystallography to create the photo of DNA’s double helix that Watson and Crick used

26
Q

Waston and Crick

A

Used Rosalind Franklin’s DNA photo to deduce that:

  1. DNA made of 2 outer sugar-phosphate backbones
  2. DNA has paired nitrogenous bases in its interior
  3. Purines only match with pyrimidines
27
Q

(DNA) replication fork

A

Y shopped region where DNA strands are elongating

28
Q

Lagging strand

A

The DNA strand that DNA polymerase synthesizes, working away from the replication fork

29
Q

Leading strand

A

The DNA strand that DNA polymerase continuously synthesizes, moving TOWARDS the replication fork

30
Q

Frederick Griffith experiment

A

Proved DNA was the genetic material

Killed mice:
put dead toxic virus DNA in live harmless virus and the harmless virus became toxic

31
Q

Purines

A

The 2 nitrogenous bases whose molecule consists of 2 rings (adenine and guanine)

Purines pair up with pyramidines

32
Q

Primase

A

enzyme that creates primer strand (about 10 nucleotides long)

can start an RNA strand from scratch and adds RNA nucleotides at one time using parental DNA as a template,

33
Q

Semi-conservative model (of DNA replication)

A

When DNA unzips and duplicates to make 2 dgt strands, each strand will have one old/original (“conserved”) and one newly made strand

34
Q

(Debunked) Dispersive model of DNA replication

A

original double-stranded helix is broken apart into individual nucleotides; original nucleotides recombine with new nucleotides to make new double helices that are a combo of old and new nucleotides

35
Q

Topoisomerase

A

corrects “overwinding” ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

36
Q

Replication “bubble”

A

The place where a strand of DNA opens up for replication

37
Q

Mathew Meselson and Franklin Stahl experiments

A

Proved the semi-conservative model of DNA replication by inserting ‘heavy’ nitrogen into DNA, chopping it up, centrifuging it, and comparing the relative locations of the nitrogen in test tubes

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/v/evidence-that-dna-is-genetic-material-1