Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of Inheritance Flashcards
Antiparallel elongation
the process by which DNA polymerases can only travel along the DNA strand from the 5 prime end to the 3 prime end
Telemorase
enzyme that creates/attaches the telomere base sequences to the ends of DNA strands to fill in the gaps left during replication (each replication causes the strand to get shorter and shorter)
(nucleotide) excision repair
nuclease enzyme cuts out and removed damaged stretch of DNA, then DNA polymerase replaces the removed nucleotide with the correct one
Origins of DNA replication
Particular sites on DNA where replication begins
Two strands open up in a replication ‘bubble’
(Bacterio)phage
Viruses that infect bacteria
Mismatch REpair
when enzymes other than DNA polymerase can correct nucleotides
DNA Polymerase
enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork
also proofreads newly made DNA & replaces incorrect nucleotides
heterochromatin
highly condensed chromatin that exists during interphase
exps. telomeres and centromeres
Chargaff’s rule (from before we knew about the double helix)
- base composition of DNA varies between species
2. In any species, the number of adenines and thymines are equal, and the number of cytosines and guanines are equal.
Helicases
enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks
(Debunked) Conservative model of DNA replication
original double-stranded helix somehow codes for a completely new double helix while still maintaining the original double helix.
Transformation
Changes in genotype and phenotype d/t assimilation (like when Griffith put dead toxic virus DNA in live harmless virus and the harmless virus became toxic)
pyramidines
The 2 nitrogenous bases whose molecule consists of 1 ring (cytosine and thymine)
Purines pair up with pyramidines
DNA ligase
holds together the Okazaki fragments by joining their sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA pol III
synthesizes the leading strand of DNA during replication