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Biology 1113 > Chapter 18: Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Gene Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Inducible operons

A

operons/sequences that have a default mode of OFF, which PREVENT transcription; can be turned on when inducers attach to repressor proteins, then repressors attach to operon, enabling it to START transcription

lac operon is inducible

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2
Q

Non-coding RNA

ncRNA

A

RNAs that functions as gene expression regulators rather than coding for proteins during mRNA translation (and chromatin configuration)

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3
Q

Point mutation

A

a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.

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4
Q

Second messenger molecules

A

Small non-proteins molecules that pass along signals they receive after binding to ligand first messengers

cAMP is a second messenger

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5
Q

Ubiquitin

A

Chemical marker used to (in cahoots with microRNA) tag a protein as marked for recycling

Part of gene expression regulation in the cytosol

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6
Q

MicroRNA

aka miRNA

A

part of EUKARYOTE, cytosol-level gene regulation

small, regulatory (non-coding), single stranded RNAs that impact how long a ribosome can live/function. approx. 22 base pairs long

  1. Degrades mRNA in a miRNA complex (via ubiquitin and proteasome)
  2. Traps mRNA in a miRNA complex so the mRNA can’t go to the ER for translation
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7
Q

Inducers

A

molecules that turn on inducible operons

they bind to inactive repressor proteins, causing them to change shape, and then bind to the operator, thus ENABLING the RNA polymerase to translate the subsequent enzyme genes

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8
Q

Specific transcription factors

A

floater proteins that help turn SPECIFIC genes “on” or “off” by binding to control elements/binding sites on DNA

may cooperate with other proteins/transcription initiation complexes in order to facilitate transcription

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9
Q

Tryptophan operon

A

involves 5 genes for making tryptophan IN PROKAYOTES; default is “on”

turning it off is a famous example of gene repression

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10
Q

Pattern formation

A

process by which the various differentiated cells know where to grow

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11
Q

lac operon

A

involved in gene sequencing that makes enzymes for synthesizing glucose from lactose

when it’s in its default OFF status, RNA polymerase cannot translate the lactose digesting??? enzyme genes

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12
Q

3 ways proto-oncogenes become oncogenes

A
  1. Movement of DNA within the genome (causing increase in transcription)
  2. Number of photo-oncogenes increases
  3. Point mutations or changes in control elements increase photo-oncogene gene expression
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13
Q

Oncogenes

A

Genes associated with cancer

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14
Q

Morphogenesis

A

why/how our differentiated cells wind up in the correct locations (why your head doesn’t grow on your knee)

controlled by:

  1. cytoplasmic determinants
  2. Inductive signals cytoplasm and the environment it’s in
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15
Q

Promoter (sequence)

A

the binding site for RNA polymerase, the enzyme that performs transcription.

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16
Q

Alternative RNA Splicing

A

flexibility in assigning intron or extron status to sequences of RNA

part of eukaryote gene expression regulation; occurs during (pre)RNA Processing

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17
Q

Enhancer

A

What you call a bunch of distal control elements when they’re in a group

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18
Q

Differential Gene Expression

A

When cells with the same genome express different genes; why/how we have different types of cells with different specialities even though all the cells are clones

enables specialization of cells (liver cell vs penis cell)

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19
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

1 of 2 types of gene expression regulation IN PROKARYOTES

Effects enzymes involved in processing of substrates (unlike in co-repression, which effects the operators of the operon sequence)

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20
Q

Control Elements

A

segments of non-coding DNA that serve as binding sites for floater proteins called transcription factors

2 types: proximal and distal

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21
Q

Protein repressor

A

cock blocker IN PROKAYOTES!

protein that stops part of a gene sequence from being expressed

req. co-repressors in order to work; lays inactive until the co-repressor binds to it, causing it to change shape, and then bind to the operator, thus preventing the RNA polymerase from transcribing the subsequent sequence

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22
Q

Induction

A

When signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcription changes in nearby target cells (causing them to specialize); Involves:

  1. signaling molecule
  2. signal receptor
  3. signal transduction pathway
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23
Q

DNA methylation

A

2 of 2 types of EUKARYOTE, chromatin-level gene regulation

methyl groups (CH3-) are attached to certain bases (usually cytosine) to reduce its transcription

24
Q

Repressible operons

A

have a default mode of ON, which ENABLES transcription. Can be switched off if a repressor is attached to its operator

tryp operon is repressible

25
Proximal Control element
DNA sequence; type of control element found close to the DNA strand promotor sequence it needs to use used in transcription level gene regulation in eukaryotes
26
Operator
on/off switch of the PROKARYOTIC operon sequence turns genes on and off
27
Regulatory gene | aka Regulator gene
a gene (DNA sequence) involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. exp. regulator genes makes repressors
28
DNA bending protein
Can fold the DNA strand over on itself so that far away activators can reach their actions sites using a transcription initiation complex
29
Proto-oncogenes
Healthy genes that correspond with genes that cause cancer Responsible for normal growth/division
30
Operon
IN PROKAYOTES!!! mostly Series if sequences in a DNA strand that includes its promotor, operator, and structural genes that they control (this whole group of sequences makes up the operon)
31
Proteasome
Enzymes that recognize and destroy/degrade proteins that have a ubiquitin marker Part of gene expression regulation in the cytosol
32
Inductive signaling
environmental factors (especially r/t other, nearby cells) around a fertilized egg that effect its development/gene expression
33
Distal control element
part of DNA sequence; type of control element that may be found farther away/ way before or way after the promoter it needs to use, or located in different introns usually only effects one gene called 'enhancers' when they're in a group
34
Positive gene regulation | DELETE THIS CARD?
involves inducement/acceleration
35
histone acetylation
1 of 2 types of EUKARYOTE, chromatin-level gene regulation acetyl groups are attached to the positively charged lysine on histone tails, causing the chromatin to loosen looser chromatin = better for transcription
36
Determination
the process by which cells are 'instructed' in what to specialize into (via expression master regulatory genes like MyoD in the precursor cells), whose expression is trigger by signals from nearby cells
37
Tryptophan Co-repressor fx when not in use
can be recycled for synthesizing tryptophan when it isn't bound to the tryptophan repressor protein
38
Cytoplasmic determinants
factors in a fertilized egg's cytoplasm the effect its development/gene expression. Coded for by maternal effect genes
39
Myoblast
what you call a cell that is destined (by determination) to become a muscle cell.
40
Co-repression
1 of 2 types of gene expression regulation IN PROKARYOTES Acts on the operons that regulate the genes that make materials that process substrates (unlike feedback inhibition, which effects the actual enzymes) When the (sufficient or excessive) quantity of a particular substance triggers repression of the genes used to produce enzymes for breaking/building that substance
41
Negative Control
when gene expression is regulated by turning an operon OFF using the active (not dormant) form of the repressor in PROKARYOTES! used in regulation of tryp and lac operons
42
Embryonic lethals
What Nusslein-Volhard and Wieschaus called it when mutations caused death before birth
43
cAMP
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Type of second messenger molecule that activates proteins Made from ATP
44
Catabolite activator protein (CAP)
example of a an activator protein (for inducement) is turned on by messenger protein cAMP (the two bind together, then change shape, then bind to the RNA promotor so the polymerase can transcribe)
45
3 fx of Tumor suppression genes
Help prevent uncontrolled growth (when they're working right) by: 1. preparing damaged DNA 2. controlling cell adhesion 3. inhibiting the cell cycle (via cell-signaling pathways)
46
Transcription initiation complex
complex made of: activators mediator proteins general transcription RNA pol II that clump together (as DNA bending proteins fold the strand over itself) in order to bring the control element to the promotor for transcription
47
Maternal effect genes | aka egg polarity genes
genes that encode for the cytoplasmic determinants that effect the fertilized egg's phenotype (exp. bicoid gene) Mutations may be passed down by this pathway, regardless of the egg's genotype
48
7 times EUKARYOTES can regulate gene expression
1. during chromatin unpacking 2. during transcription 3. during RNA processing 4. during transport to cytoplasm 5. during translation 6. during protein processing 7. during transport to cellular destination
49
"Ras" proto-onco gene
may lead to overproduction of ras protein when mutation occurs cells respond by producing more cells faster
50
Transcription factors
floater proteins that help turn genes "on" or "off" by binding to control elements/binding sites on DNA in order to help the RNA polymerase??? attach/transcribe may cooperate with other proteins/transcription initiation complexes in order to facilitate transcription 2 types: general and specific
51
Homeotic genes
what Edward Lewis called it when mutant flies in his research presented with genetic abnormalities (like extra wings or legs in the wrong places)
52
Transcription factor domains (2)
1. DNA binding domain (binds to DNA strand) | 2. DNA activation domain (binds to other proteins/transcription complexes to facilitate transcription)
53
Morphogens
Factors in the embryonic environment that orient the axis of it's development (so the head grows on top, and the feet grow at the bottom) these exist on a gradient
54
Epigenetic inheritance
The inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving nucleotide sequence Involves expression modifications that do not alter the DNA sequence but can be passed to future generations of cells
55
Bicoid gene
Protein; Exp. of maternal effect gene; effects the front half of the body Lack of this factor in the embryonic environment will result with offspring with two assholes and no head.
56
Positional information
the molecular cues that control pattern formation (so you don't grow a foot on your face) Edward Lewis studied this with mutant flies who had legs on their heads
57
General transcription factors
floater proteins that GENERALLY help turn genes "on" or "off" by binding to control elements/binding sites on DNA IN EUKARYOTES may cooperate with other proteins/transcription initiation complexes in order to facilitate transcription??? required for the transcription of ALL eukaryotic genes. may bind to the TATA box promoter site of the DNA

Biology 1113 (20 decks)

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