Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1113 > Chapter 18: Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Gene Regulation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Inducible operons

A

operons/sequences that have a default mode of OFF, which PREVENT transcription; can be turned on when inducers attach to repressor proteins, then repressors attach to operon, enabling it to START transcription

lac operon is inducible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Non-coding RNA

ncRNA

A

RNAs that functions as gene expression regulators rather than coding for proteins during mRNA translation (and chromatin configuration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Point mutation

A

a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Second messenger molecules

A

Small non-proteins molecules that pass along signals they receive after binding to ligand first messengers

cAMP is a second messenger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ubiquitin

A

Chemical marker used to (in cahoots with microRNA) tag a protein as marked for recycling

Part of gene expression regulation in the cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

MicroRNA

aka miRNA

A

part of EUKARYOTE, cytosol-level gene regulation

small, regulatory (non-coding), single stranded RNAs that impact how long a ribosome can live/function. approx. 22 base pairs long

  1. Degrades mRNA in a miRNA complex (via ubiquitin and proteasome)
  2. Traps mRNA in a miRNA complex so the mRNA can’t go to the ER for translation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Inducers

A

molecules that turn on inducible operons

they bind to inactive repressor proteins, causing them to change shape, and then bind to the operator, thus ENABLING the RNA polymerase to translate the subsequent enzyme genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Specific transcription factors

A

floater proteins that help turn SPECIFIC genes “on” or “off” by binding to control elements/binding sites on DNA

may cooperate with other proteins/transcription initiation complexes in order to facilitate transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tryptophan operon

A

involves 5 genes for making tryptophan IN PROKAYOTES; default is “on”

turning it off is a famous example of gene repression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pattern formation

A

process by which the various differentiated cells know where to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

lac operon

A

involved in gene sequencing that makes enzymes for synthesizing glucose from lactose

when it’s in its default OFF status, RNA polymerase cannot translate the lactose digesting??? enzyme genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 ways proto-oncogenes become oncogenes

A
  1. Movement of DNA within the genome (causing increase in transcription)
  2. Number of photo-oncogenes increases
  3. Point mutations or changes in control elements increase photo-oncogene gene expression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Oncogenes

A

Genes associated with cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Morphogenesis

A

why/how our differentiated cells wind up in the correct locations (why your head doesn’t grow on your knee)

controlled by:

  1. cytoplasmic determinants
  2. Inductive signals cytoplasm and the environment it’s in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Promoter (sequence)

A

the binding site for RNA polymerase, the enzyme that performs transcription.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Alternative RNA Splicing

A

flexibility in assigning intron or extron status to sequences of RNA

part of eukaryote gene expression regulation; occurs during (pre)RNA Processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Enhancer

A

What you call a bunch of distal control elements when they’re in a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Differential Gene Expression

A

When cells with the same genome express different genes; why/how we have different types of cells with different specialities even though all the cells are clones

enables specialization of cells (liver cell vs penis cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

1 of 2 types of gene expression regulation IN PROKARYOTES

Effects enzymes involved in processing of substrates (unlike in co-repression, which effects the operators of the operon sequence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Control Elements

A

segments of non-coding DNA that serve as binding sites for floater proteins called transcription factors

2 types: proximal and distal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Protein repressor

A

cock blocker IN PROKAYOTES!

protein that stops part of a gene sequence from being expressed

req. co-repressors in order to work; lays inactive until the co-repressor binds to it, causing it to change shape, and then bind to the operator, thus preventing the RNA polymerase from transcribing the subsequent sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Induction

A

When signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcription changes in nearby target cells (causing them to specialize); Involves:

  1. signaling molecule
  2. signal receptor
  3. signal transduction pathway
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DNA methylation

A

2 of 2 types of EUKARYOTE, chromatin-level gene regulation

methyl groups (CH3-) are attached to certain bases (usually cytosine) to reduce its transcription

24
Q

Repressible operons

A

have a default mode of ON, which ENABLES transcription. Can be switched off if a repressor is attached to its operator

tryp operon is repressible

25
Q

Proximal Control element

A

DNA sequence; type of control element found close to the DNA strand promotor sequence it needs to use

used in transcription level gene regulation in eukaryotes

26
Q

Operator

A

on/off switch of the PROKARYOTIC operon sequence

turns genes on and off

27
Q

Regulatory gene

aka Regulator gene

A

a gene (DNA sequence) involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes.

exp. regulator genes makes repressors

28
Q

DNA bending protein

A

Can fold the DNA strand over on itself so that far away activators can reach their actions sites using a transcription initiation complex

29
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Healthy genes that correspond with genes that cause cancer

Responsible for normal growth/division

30
Q

Operon

A

IN PROKAYOTES!!! mostly

Series if sequences in a DNA strand that includes its promotor, operator, and structural genes that they control

(this whole group of sequences makes up the operon)

31
Q

Proteasome

A

Enzymes that recognize and destroy/degrade proteins that have a ubiquitin marker

Part of gene expression regulation in the cytosol

32
Q

Inductive signaling

A

environmental factors (especially r/t other, nearby cells) around a fertilized egg that effect its development/gene expression

33
Q

Distal control element

A

part of DNA sequence; type of control element that may be found farther away/ way before or way after the promoter it needs to use, or located in different introns

usually only effects one gene

called ‘enhancers’ when they’re in a group

34
Q

Positive gene regulation

DELETE THIS CARD?

A

involves inducement/acceleration

35
Q

histone acetylation

A

1 of 2 types of EUKARYOTE, chromatin-level gene regulation

acetyl groups are attached to the positively charged lysine on histone tails, causing the chromatin to loosen

looser chromatin = better for transcription

36
Q

Determination

A

the process by which cells are ‘instructed’ in what to specialize into (via expression master regulatory genes like MyoD in the precursor cells), whose expression is trigger by signals from nearby cells

37
Q

Tryptophan Co-repressor fx when not in use

A

can be recycled for synthesizing tryptophan when it isn’t bound to the tryptophan repressor protein

38
Q

Cytoplasmic determinants

A

factors in a fertilized egg’s cytoplasm the effect its development/gene expression.

Coded for by maternal effect genes

39
Q

Myoblast

A

what you call a cell that is destined (by determination) to become a muscle cell.

40
Q

Co-repression

A

1 of 2 types of gene expression regulation IN PROKARYOTES

Acts on the operons that regulate the genes that make materials that process substrates (unlike feedback inhibition, which effects the actual enzymes)

When the (sufficient or excessive) quantity of a particular substance triggers repression of the genes used to produce enzymes for breaking/building that substance

41
Q

Negative Control

A

when gene expression is regulated by turning an operon OFF using the active (not dormant) form of the repressor in PROKARYOTES!

used in regulation of tryp and lac operons

42
Q

Embryonic lethals

A

What Nusslein-Volhard and Wieschaus called it when mutations caused death before birth

43
Q

cAMP

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Type of second messenger molecule that activates proteins

Made from ATP

44
Q

Catabolite activator protein (CAP)

A

example of a an activator protein (for inducement)

is turned on by messenger protein cAMP (the two bind together, then change shape, then bind to the RNA promotor so the polymerase can transcribe)

45
Q

3 fx of Tumor suppression genes

A

Help prevent uncontrolled growth (when they’re working right) by:

  1. preparing damaged DNA
  2. controlling cell adhesion
  3. inhibiting the cell cycle (via cell-signaling pathways)
46
Q

Transcription initiation complex

A

complex made of:

activators
mediator proteins
general transcription
RNA pol II

that clump together (as DNA bending proteins fold the strand over itself) in order to bring the control element to the promotor for transcription

47
Q

Maternal effect genes

aka egg polarity genes

A

genes that encode for the cytoplasmic determinants that effect the fertilized egg’s phenotype (exp. bicoid gene)

Mutations may be passed down by this pathway, regardless of the egg’s genotype

48
Q

7 times EUKARYOTES can regulate gene expression

A
  1. during chromatin unpacking
  2. during transcription
  3. during RNA processing
  4. during transport to cytoplasm
  5. during translation
  6. during protein processing
  7. during transport to cellular destination
49
Q

“Ras” proto-onco gene

A

may lead to overproduction of ras protein when mutation occurs

cells respond by producing more cells faster

50
Q

Transcription factors

A

floater proteins that help turn genes “on” or “off” by binding to control elements/binding sites on DNA in order to help the RNA polymerase??? attach/transcribe

may cooperate with other proteins/transcription initiation complexes in order to facilitate transcription

2 types: general and specific

51
Q

Homeotic genes

A

what Edward Lewis called it when mutant flies in his research presented with genetic abnormalities (like extra wings or legs in the wrong places)

52
Q

Transcription factor domains (2)

A
  1. DNA binding domain (binds to DNA strand)

2. DNA activation domain (binds to other proteins/transcription complexes to facilitate transcription)

53
Q

Morphogens

A

Factors in the embryonic environment that orient the axis of it’s development (so the head grows on top, and the feet grow at the bottom)

these exist on a gradient

54
Q

Epigenetic inheritance

A

The inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving nucleotide sequence

Involves expression modifications that do not alter the DNA sequence but can be passed to future generations of cells

55
Q

Bicoid gene

A

Protein; Exp. of maternal effect gene; effects the front half of the body

Lack of this factor in the embryonic environment will result with offspring with two assholes and no head.

56
Q

Positional information

A

the molecular cues that control pattern formation (so you don’t grow a foot on your face)

Edward Lewis studied this with mutant flies who had legs on their heads

57
Q

General transcription factors

A

floater proteins that GENERALLY help turn genes “on” or “off” by binding to control elements/binding sites on DNA IN EUKARYOTES

may cooperate with other proteins/transcription initiation complexes in order to facilitate transcription???

required for the transcription of ALL eukaryotic genes.

may bind to the TATA box promoter site of the DNA

Biology 1113 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions