Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea Flashcards

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1
Q

Law of segregation (Mendel’s 1st law)

A

If 2 alleles separate during gamete formation, they end up in different gametes

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2
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

Mating between to orgs who are heterozygous for two traits

Cross between 2 pure bred orgs for two characters

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3
Q

4 Concepts of Mendel’s Model

A
  1. alternative versions of genes account for variations in in hearted characters
  2. for each character, an org inherits 2 alleles (one from each parent)
  3. If there are two alleles, the dominant one will be expressed
  4. If 2 alleles separate during gamete formation, they end up in different gametes (law of segregation)
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4
Q

Test cross

A

When you cross a homozygous recessive organism with one of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype

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5
Q

Pleiotropy

A

When one gene affects multiple things/has multiple, unrelated effects

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6
Q

Gene

A

Hereditary determinant for a trait

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7
Q

Multiplication rule

A

Probability of two or more events occurring TOGETHER is the product of their individual probabilities

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8
Q

Particulate Theory

A

Mendel’s idea that parents pass on discrete, heritable units (genes)

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9
Q

Character

A

Heritable feature that varies among individuals

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10
Q

Reciprocal cross???

A

Cross where the phenotypes of the male and female are reversed compared with prior cross

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11
Q

Law of Independent Assortment (Mendel’s 2nd law)

A

The idea that inheritance of one allele doesn’t necessary effect inheritance of another

Unless they’re on the same, homologous chromosome (genes located near each other tend to get inherited together)

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12
Q

Trait

A

Each variant for a character

Any characteristic of an individual

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13
Q

Co-dominance

A

Type of degree of dominance like blood type

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14
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of the same gene

Variations on the same kind of gene

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15
Q

Polymorphic trait

A

Appears commonly in two or more different forms (like flat or wrinkled seeds)

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16
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two genes with different alleles (that code for the same character)

17
Q

Autosomal inheritance

A

Inheritance that is perpetuated by non-sex chromosomes

18
Q

Genotype

A

The genes present in an organism

19
Q

Pangenesis

A

Darwin’s (false) idea that “gemmules” secreted by all the body’s cells aggregate in the sex organs and combine/blend together with a partner’s to make a baby

20
Q

Epistasis

A

When a gene on one locus effects a gene on another locus

21
Q

Homozygous

A

Two genes with identical alleles

22
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

Cross between 2 heterozygous orgs for one character

23
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring from matings between breeding parents that differ in one or more traits

24
Q

Addition rule

A

probability that any one of two or more exclusive events will occur is the SUM of their individual probabilities

25
Q

Phenotype

A

The genes that get expressed in an organism (particularly r/t physical appearance)

26
Q

Degrees of dominance

A

When an allele is not completely dominant or recessive

27
Q

“heritable factor”

A

what Mendel called what we know call a gene

28
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

When multiple genes effect a single phenotype

29
Q

Pure line

A

Organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves when they’re self-fertilized (bc they have homogenous alleles for a trait)