Chapter 20 Flashcards
How is an antibiotic different than an antimicrobial drug?
- Antibiotic is a microogranism (natural substance) that will inhibit another organism.
- Anitmicrobial drug is synthetically made to inhibit the growth of pathogens in a host.
What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic?
- Bactericidal: kills bacteria
- Bacteriostatic: inhibits growth
How is a broad-spectrum antibiotic different than a narrow spectrum drug?
- Broad-spectrum targets wide range of bacteria including gram negative and gram positive.
- Narrow spectrum targets a specific group of bacteria. Can be gram negative or gram positive.
What were the contributions of Ehrlich and Fleming made to chemotherapy?
- Erlich: Came up “Magic Bullet” meaning he wanted to research ways that would kill pathogens without harming our healthy cells.
- Fleming: Discovered penicillin, this led to discovery of antibiotics.
What are the four genera of microorganisms that are the most common antibiotic
producers?
- Streptomyces
- Bacillus
- Penicillum
- Cephalosporium
What are the five functions of antimicrobial drug activity? You should know which
category each of the covered antimicrobial drug fits in.
- Cell Wall inhibitor
- Protein Synthesis inhibitor
- Injuring Plasma Membrane
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis inhibitor
- Inhibiting the synthesis of essential metabolities
Which antimicrobial drugs are cell wall inhibitors?
8 of them
- Natural penicillins
- Anti-staphylococcal penicillins
- Methicillin
- Extended Spectrum Penicillin
- Cephalosporins
- Bacitracin
- Vancomycin
- Antimycobacterial
Which antimicrobial drugs are protein synthesis inhibitors?
5 of them
- Chloramphenicol
- Tetracyclines
- Macrolides
- Aminoglycosides
- Oxazolidinones
Which antimicrobial drug injures the bacteria cells plasma membrane?
Polymyxin B
Which antimicrobial drugs are nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors?
- Rifamycin
- Fluroquinolones
Which antimicrobial drug is a essential metabolite inhibitor?
Sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs)
Which antimicrobial drugs target virsues?
Antiviral drugs:
1. Nuceloside anaglogs
2. Enzyme inhibitors
Can an antibiotic be used to fight a viral infection?
No, antibiotics are used to fight against bacteria.
What is the spectrum of activity of most cell wall synthesis inhibitors?
Most cell wall synthesis inhibitors are narrow-spectrum.
What is the advantage of Antistaphylococcal Penicillins?
N/A
What are the cell wall inhibitor antibiotics that are narrow spectrum for acid-fast bacteria?
- Anitmycobacterial
Which genus of bacteria is acid-fast?
Mycobacterium
What is the usual spectrum of activity of protein synthesis inhibitors?
Broad Spectrum
Which of the drugs that you learned are examples of aminoglycosides?
- Streptomycin
- Neomycin
- Gentamicin
UNSURE OF THESE ANSWERS
What is the only anti-bacterial membrane-damaging agent that was given in lecture?
Polymyxin B.
What are the three topical antibacterial drugs that are available without a prescription? Why are these drugs used topically instead of ingested as an oral medication?
- Neomycin
- Bacitracin
- Polymyxin B
They are used at topical ointments to avoid systemic absorption, this reduces side effects.
Which two antibacterial drugs are completely synthetic?
- Chloramphenicol
- Oxazolidinones
What does MRSA stand for?
MRSA stands for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
What were the different kinds of enzyme inhibitors that were given that were effective
against viral replication?
Enzyme inhibitors effective against viral replication include protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors
What do the names of most antiviral medications all have in common?
Most antiviral medications have names ending in “-vir” or “-ine.”
What is a common STI that anti-protozoal drugs target?
Trichomonas
What is the sterol that is used by fungi? What is the sterol that is used by humans?
- Sterol used by fungi: Ergosterol
- Sterol used by humans: Cholesterol
What are the three anti-parasitic drugs and which worm type each targets best?
- Mebendazole = nematodes (roundworms)
- Praziquantel = trematodes (flukes)
- Ivermectin = nematodes (roundworms)
How do organisms become antibiotic resistant, there could be a question on this?
Antibiotic resistance can result from genetic mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and the misuse or overuse of antibiotics, leading to the selection of resistant strains.
