Chapter 20

Question 1

How is an antibiotic different than an antimicrobial drug?

Answer 1

• Antibiotic is a microogranism (natural substance) that will inhibit another organism.
• Anitmicrobial drug is synthetically made to inhibit the growth of pathogens in a host.

Question 2

What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic?

Answer 2

• Bactericidal: kills bacteria
• Bacteriostatic: inhibits growth

Question 3

How is a broad-spectrum antibiotic different than a narrow spectrum drug?

Answer 3

• Broad-spectrum targets wide range of bacteria including gram negative and gram positive.
• Narrow spectrum targets a specific group of bacteria. Can be gram negative or gram positive.

Question 4

What were the contributions of Ehrlich and Fleming made to chemotherapy?

Answer 4

• Erlich: Came up “Magic Bullet” meaning he wanted to research ways that would kill pathogens without harming our healthy cells.
• Fleming: Discovered penicillin, this led to discovery of antibiotics.

Question 5

What are the four genera of microorganisms that are the most common antibiotic
producers?

Answer 5

1. Streptomyces
2. Bacillus
3. Penicillum
4. Cephalosporium

Question 6

What are the five functions of antimicrobial drug activity? You should know which
category each of the covered antimicrobial drug fits in.

Answer 6

• Cell Wall inhibitor
• Protein Synthesis inhibitor
• Injuring Plasma Membrane
• Nucleic Acid Synthesis inhibitor
• Inhibiting the synthesis of essential metabolities

Question 7

Which antimicrobial drugs are cell wall inhibitors?

8 of them

Answer 7

1. Natural penicillins
2. Anti-staphylococcal penicillins
3. Methicillin
4. Extended Spectrum Penicillin
5. Cephalosporins
6. Bacitracin
7. Vancomycin
8. Antimycobacterial

Question 8

Which antimicrobial drugs are protein synthesis inhibitors?

5 of them

Answer 8

1. Chloramphenicol
2. Tetracyclines
3. Macrolides
4. Aminoglycosides
5. Oxazolidinones

Question 9

Which antimicrobial drug injures the bacteria cells plasma membrane?

Answer 9

Polymyxin B

Question 10

Which antimicrobial drugs are nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors?

Answer 10

1. Rifamycin
2. Fluroquinolones

Question 11

Which antimicrobial drug is a essential metabolite inhibitor?

Answer 11

Sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs)

Question 12

Which antimicrobial drugs target virsues?

Answer 12

Antiviral drugs:
1. Nuceloside anaglogs
2. Enzyme inhibitors

Question 13

Can an antibiotic be used to fight a viral infection?

Answer 13

No, antibiotics are used to fight against bacteria.

Question 14

What is the spectrum of activity of most cell wall synthesis inhibitors?

Answer 14

Most cell wall synthesis inhibitors are narrow-spectrum.

Question 15

What is the advantage of Antistaphylococcal Penicillins?

Answer 15

N/A

Question 16

What are the cell wall inhibitor antibiotics that are narrow spectrum for acid-fast bacteria?

Answer 16

• Anitmycobacterial

Question 17

Which genus of bacteria is acid-fast?

Answer 17

Mycobacterium

Question 18

What is the usual spectrum of activity of protein synthesis inhibitors?

Answer 18

Broad Spectrum

Question 19

Which of the drugs that you learned are examples of aminoglycosides?

Answer 19

• Streptomycin
• Neomycin
• Gentamicin
  UNSURE OF THESE ANSWERS

Question 20

What is the only anti-bacterial membrane-damaging agent that was given in lecture?

Answer 20

Polymyxin B.

Question 21

What are the three topical antibacterial drugs that are available without a prescription? Why are these drugs used topically instead of ingested as an oral medication?

Answer 21

1. Neomycin
2. Bacitracin
3. Polymyxin B
   They are used at topical ointments to avoid systemic absorption, this reduces side effects.

Question 22

Which two antibacterial drugs are completely synthetic?

Answer 22

1. Chloramphenicol
2. Oxazolidinones

Question 23

What does MRSA stand for?

Answer 23

MRSA stands for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Question 24

What were the different kinds of enzyme inhibitors that were given that were effective
against viral replication?

Answer 24

Enzyme inhibitors effective against viral replication include protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors

Question 25

What do the names of most antiviral medications all have in common?

Answer 25

Most antiviral medications have names ending in “-vir” or “-ine.”

Question 26

What is a common STI that anti-protozoal drugs target?

Answer 26

Trichomonas

Question 27

What is the sterol that is used by fungi? What is the sterol that is used by humans?

Answer 27

• Sterol used by fungi: Ergosterol
• Sterol used by humans: Cholesterol

Question 28

What are the three anti-parasitic drugs and which worm type each targets best?

Answer 28

• Mebendazole = nematodes (roundworms)
• Praziquantel = trematodes (flukes)
• Ivermectin = nematodes (roundworms)

Question 29

How do organisms become antibiotic resistant, there could be a question on this?

Answer 29

Antibiotic resistance can result from genetic mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and the misuse or overuse of antibiotics, leading to the selection of resistant strains.