Chapter 18 Flashcards
How are monoclonal antibodies different from what is produced in the human body?
- Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) come from a single hybridoma clone, a combination of an “immortal” cancerous B cell and an antibody-producing normal B cell.
- In contrast, the human body produces polyclonal antibodies, which are a mix of different antibodies produced by various B cells.
How are monoclonal antibodies formed?
Monoclonal antibodies are formed by creating hybridomas, which are a fusion of cancerous B cells and normal B cells. These hybridomas can produce a specific antibody indefinitely.
What is molecular mimicry? How does this phenomenon make working with antibodies difficult?
- Molecular mimicry occurs when two different antigens share a common epitope, leading to antibodies binding to both antigens.
- This phenomenon can make working with antibodies difficult as it may cause unexpected immune reactions, and designing strategies for treatment and prevention of autoimmune disorders becomes challenging.
What is seroconversion?
Seroconversion is the time period during which a specific antibody develops and becomes detectable in the blood. It is often associated with the development of immunity to a particular disease.
What is a titer?
A titer is the concentration of serum antibody in the blood. A higher serum antibody titer indicates greater immunity to a disease.
What does the abbreviation ELISA stand for?
ELISA stands for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.
What are the two basic types of ELISAs?
- Direct ELISA, which detects antigens.
- Indirect ELISA, which detects antibodies.
You should know in general why we give a vaccine and the importance of them.
Vaccines are given to induce immunity and prevent specific diseases. They are crucial for disease control, preventing targeted diseases from occurring, and achieving herd immunity
What are the different types of vaccines and give an example of each type.
4 types
- Live Attenuated Vaccines (e.g., measles, mumps, rubella)
- Inactivated Killed Vaccines (e.g., polio, hepatitis A)
- Subunit Vaccines (e.g., hepatitis B)
- Nucleic Acid Vaccines (e.g., mRNA vaccines like Pfizer and Moderna)
Which two types of vaccines use the entire pathogen? These are called cellular vaccines.
Live Attenuated Vaccines and Inactivated Killed Vaccines use the entire pathogen and are called cellular vaccines.
Why is a live attenuated vaccine more effective at eliciting strong immune responses and good memory?
Live attenuated vaccines closely mimic actual infections, reproducing in the host, and inducing both humoral and cellular immunity, leading to lifelong immunity.
Which types of vaccines do not use the entire pathogen? These are called acellular vaccines.
Subunit Vaccines, which include:
Conjugated Vaccines, Toxoids, and Virus-Like Particle Vaccines, do not use the entire pathogen and are called acellular vaccines.
What is the specialized modifications for each subtype of subunit vaccines?
Subunit vaccines have specialized modifications such as conjugation, toxoids, and virus-like particles to enhance their effectiveness.
Subunit Vaccine
Why is it necessary to offer a conjugated vaccine?
Conjugated vaccines are necessary, especially for children with poor immune responses, to enhance the immune response to vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides.
Subunit Vaccine
What are toxoids?
Contain inactivated toxins produced by a pathogen eliciting an antibody
response against toxin. Ex. TDAP
