Chapter 17 Part 1 Flashcards
What is an activated B cell called? What does an activated B cell do?
An activated B cell is called a “plasma cell.” Activated B cells, or plasma cells, produce antibodies. These antibodies recognize specific pathogens and help eliminate them from the body.
What are the two types of T cells (using the CDs)?
The two types of T cells based on CD markers are:
* CD4+ T cells (Helper T cells)
* CD8+ T cells (Cytotoxic T cells).
What is the function of a T killer cell? What or who does it kill?
T killer cells, also known as Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells), are responsible for killing abnormal human cells. They recognize and destroy cells that are infected by pathogens, such as viruses, or those that have become cancerous.
What are the three different T cell products that kill?
The three different T cell products that contribute to the killing of target cells are:
1. Perforin/granzyme
2. Lymphotoxin
3. Fas ligand.
What is the job of any T helper cell?
The primary job of any T helper cell (CD4+ T cell) is to release signaling proteins, known as cytokines, that direct and coordinate the immune response. These cytokines activate various immune cells and help regulate the immune system’s actions.
What is the difference between a helper 1 and a helper 2 cell?
TH1 CD4 T cell = Helper 1
TH2 CD4 T cell = Helper 2
TH3 CD4 T cell = Helper 3
Helper 1 (TH1) and Helper 2 (TH2) cells are two different subtypes of CD4+ T helper cells. The main difference between them lies in their functions:
- TH1 cells primarily promote cell-mediated immune responses, including inflammation, cytotoxic T cell activity, and macrophage activation. They are effective against intracellular pathogens.
- TH2 cells stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, promoting humoral immune responses. They are effective against large extracellular pathogens like helminths and yeast.
What are some of the alternate names for a TH3 CD4+ T cell?
TH3 CD4+ T cells are also known as “CD25+ T cells,” “T regulatory cells” (Treg), or “T suppressor cells.” Their primary role is to release hormones that suppress immune cell activity and inhibit immune responses, contributing to an anti-inflammatory function.
Why are CD 8+ T cells important?
CD8+ T cells, or Cytotoxic T cells, are essential because they are responsible for eliminating abnormal human cells, such as virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
What happens when a CD 4+ T cell gets activated?
When a CD4+ T cell gets activated, it releases signaling proteins called cytokines. These cytokines influence and direct various immune responses by stimulating other immune cells (CD8, B Cells—> Plasma Cell) and helping coordinate the overall immune response.
What are the functions of the cytokines that are included in your lecture? (Be able to describe three examples)
- IL-1 (Interleukin-1): IL-1 is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that also acts as a pyrogen, inducing fever. It plays a critical role in the immune response and inflammation.
- IL-2 (Interleukin-2): IL-2 is essential for the clonal production and activity of T cells. It enhances the proliferation and function of T cells.
- IL-10 (Interleukin-10): IL-10 is the only cytokine that limits immune responses, acting as an anti-inflammatory factor. It is primarily released by T regulatory cells (Treg) and TH3 cells to suppress immune cell activity.
What is the only immune hormone that suppresses the immune system?
The only immune hormone that suppresses the immune system is “IL-10” (Interleukin-10). It is released by specific T cells, such as T regulatory cells (Treg) and TH3 cells, and it serves to inhibit immune responses and maintain immune homeostasis.
