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Human Anatomy and Physiology > CHAPTER 2: Skin and Body Membranes > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2: Skin and Body Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of body membranes

A
  • Epithelial Membranes
  • Connective Tissue Membrane
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2
Q

covering and lining membranes

A

epithelial membranes

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3
Q
  • The epithelial membranes, also called covering and lining membranes, include the (3)
A

-cutaneous membrane (skin)
-mucous membranes
-serous membranes

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4
Q

The cutaneous membrane is composed of two
layers,

A

-superficial epidermis
-underlying dermis

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5
Q

superficial epidermis composed of

A

squamous epithelial tissue

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6
Q

underlying dermis is composed of

A

dense irregular connective tissues

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7
Q

A mucous membrane (mucosa) is composed of epithelium resting on a loose (areolar) connective tissue membrane called a

A

lamina propria

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8
Q

A mucous membrane (mucosa) is composed of epithelium resting on a __________ called a lamina propria.

A

loose (areolar) connective tissue membrane

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9
Q

This membrane type lines all body cavities that open to the exterior.

A

mucous membrane (mucosa)

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10
Q

The epithelium of mucosae is often adapted for __ or ___.

A

absorption or secretion.

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11
Q

is composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

A

Serous Membrane or Serosa

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12
Q

Serous membrane or serosa is composed of a layer of ____ areolar connective tissue

A

simple squamous epithelium

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13
Q

Serous membranes folds in on itself to form the ____ which covers the outside of the organ(s) in that
cavity.

A

visceral layer

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14
Q

Serous membrane contains _____ allows the organs to slide easily across the cavity walls and one another without friction or pain as they carry out their routine functions

A

serous fluids

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15
Q

These membranes line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints providing a smooth surface
and secreting lubricating fluid.

A

Connective tissue membranes

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16
Q

composed of loose areolar connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells at all.

A

Synovial membranes

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17
Q

Synovial membranes composed of ____ and contain no _____at all.

A

-loose areolar connective tissue
-epithelial

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18
Q

small sacs of connective tissue

A

bursae

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19
Q

line and cushion organs moving
against each other during muscle activity— such as the movement of a tendon across a bone’s surface

A

-bursae
-tendon sheaths

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20
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A
  • Mechanical Damage
  • Chemical Damage
  • Microbe Damage
  • Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
  • Thermal Damage
  • Desiccation (drying our)
  • Aids in body temp reg
  • Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
  • Synthesized Vit D
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21
Q

-Physical barrier contains keratin, which toughens cells
-pressure and pain receptors, which alert the nervous system to possible damage.

A

Mechanical damage

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22
Q

alert the nervous system to possible damage

A

pressure and pain receptors

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23
Q

Has impermeable keratinized cells; contains pain receptor, which alert the nervous system for possible damage

A

Chemical Damage

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24
Q

Has an unbroken surface and
“acid mantle”. (skin secretions are acidic and thus inhibit microbes such as bacteria and yeast). Phagocytes ingest foreign substances and pathogens, preventing them from penetrating into deep body tissues.

A

Microbe Damage

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25
Q

Melanin produced by melanocytes protects DNA from UV damage.

A

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation

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26
Q

Skin contains heat/cold/pain
receptors.

A

Thermal Damage

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27
Q

Contains a water resistant glycolipid and keratin.

A

Desiccation (drying out)

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28
Q

Heat loss: Activating sweat glands and by allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds so that heat
can radiate from skin surface.

Heat Retention: By not allowing blood to flush into skin, capillary beds.

A

Aids in body temperature regulation

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29
Q

Activating sweat glands and by allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds so that heat
can radiate from skin surface.

A

Heat loss

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30
Q

By not allowing blood to flush into skin, capillary beds.

A

Heat Retention

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31
Q

Contained in perspiration produced by sweat glands.

A

Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid

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32
Q

Modified cholesterol molecules in skin converted to vitamin D in the presence of sunlight.

A

Synthesized Vitamin D

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33
Q

_____ molecules in skin converted to vitamin D in the presence of sunlight.

A

Modified cholesterol

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34
Q

Structure of Skin (3)

A

-Epidermis
-Dermis
-Hypodermis

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35
Q

is made up of stratified
squamous epithelium that is capable of becoming
hard and tough.

A

epidermis

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36
Q

Made up of
-Epidermis
-Dermis
-Hypodermis

A

Epidermis- stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis-dense irregular connective tissue
Hypodermis-adipose (fat) tissue

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37
Q

not considered part of the skin, but it does anchor the skin to underlying organs and provides a site for nutrient storage.

A

Hypodermis

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38
Q

Layers of Dermis

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Dermis

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39
Q

Cells are dead, membranous
sacs filled with keratin.

A

Stratum corneum

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40
Q

Cells begin to die.

A

Stratum lucidum

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41
Q

Cells are flattened, organelles are deteriorating, cytoplasm full of granules.

A

Stratum granulosum

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42
Q

Cells contain thick bundles of
intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin.

A

Stratum spinosum

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43
Q

Stem cells are actively dividing;
some newly formed cells become part of more superficial layers.

A

Stratum basale

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44
Q

Cells found in the Epidermis (5)

A

-Keratinocytes
-Melanocytes
-Langerhans Cells
-Merkel Cells
-Basal Cells

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45
Q

Specialized cells that produce
keratin

A

-Keratinocytes

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46
Q

Specialized cells that produce
melanin

A

-Melanocytes

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47
Q

are immune system cells that
detect and fight pathogens entering the skin

A

-Langerhans Cells

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48
Q

sensory cells that respond to light
touch and connect to nerve endings in the dermis

A

-Merkel Cells

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49
Q

is a strong, stretch envelope that helps to bind the body together.

A

dermis

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50
Q

The connective tissue making up the dermis consists of two major regions/ Layers of Dermis

A

-papillary
-reticular areas

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51
Q

Made up of
-papillary
-reticular areas

A

papillary- areolar
reticular areas- dense irregular connective tissue

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52
Q

The papillary layer is the superficial dermal region that contain called

A

dermal papillae

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53
Q

house pain receptors (free nerve endings) and touch receptors.

A

papillary dermis

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54
Q
  • On the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, the papillae are arranged in ___ that form ___ and _____ which increase friction for gripping ability
A

definite patterns

–looped and whorled ridges

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55
Q

deepest skin layer

A

Reticular Dermis

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56
Q

Reticular Dermis contains ___ as
well as ___, ___and ____, and
deep pressure receptors called _____

A

-dense irregular connective tissue
-blood vessels, sweat and oil glands
-lamellar corpuscles

56
Q

Found throughout the dermis (2)

A

-collagen
-elastic fibers

57
Q

The dermis houses the (6)

A

-sweat glands
-hair
-hair follicles
-muscles
-sensory neurons
-blood vessels

58
Q

Skin receptors (6)

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Merkel disks
  • Root hair plexus (for fine touch)
  • Pacinian corpuscles
  • Ruffini’s endings
  • Krause’s end bulbs
59
Q

Every square centimeter of your skin contains around ___ pressure receptors

A

14

60
Q

When the body temperature is high, the capillaries of the dermis become ___. This allows body heat to radiate from the skin surface

A

engorged or swollen

61
Q

Occur in bedridden patients who are not turned regularly

A

Decubitus ulcers (bed ulcers)

62
Q

Hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated, both the blood and skin turn blue

A

Cyanosis

63
Q

Effects of Emotions on Skin (4)

A

-Redness or erythema
-Pallor, or blanching
-Jaundice or a yellow cast
-Bruises

64
Q

may indicate embarrassment (blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.

A

Redness or erythema

65
Q

Some people become pale
under certain types of emotional stress (fear, anger, and others). Pale skin may also signify anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow into the area.

A

Pallor, or blanching

66
Q

abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a liver disorder in which
excess bile pigments accumulate in the blood, circulate throughout the body, and become deposited in body tissues.

A

Jaundice or a yellow cast

67
Q

Jaundice or a yellow cast abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a liver disorder in which excess _____ accumulate in the blood, circulate throughout the body, and become deposited in body tissues.

A

bile pigments (Bilirubin)

68
Q

The black-and-blue marks, where blood has escaped from the
circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces. Such clotted blood masses are called ____

A

Bruises

hematomas

69
Q

Skin Appendages (6)

A

Cutaneous Gland
Eccrine Gland
Apocrine Gland
Hair
Hair Follicles
Nails

70
Q

they push into the deeper skin
regions and ultimately reside almost entirely in the
dermis.

A

Cutaneous Gland

71
Q

Cutaneous Gland are formed by the cells of the

A

stratum basale

72
Q

Oil glands

A

Sebaceous Glands

73
Q

Sebaceous Glands or oil glands are found all over the skin except

A

-palms of the hands
-soles of the feet

74
Q

Sebum is a mixture of

A

oily substances
fragmented cells.

75
Q

is used for lubrication, and protection and prevents
hair to become brittle.

A

Sebum

76
Q

coiled tubular structures vital for
regulating human body temperature

A

Sweat Glands

77
Q

They produce sweat, a clear secretion that is primarily water plus some salts, vitamin C, traces
of metabolic wastes (ammonia, urea, uric acid), and lactic acid (a chemical that accumulates during
vigorous muscle activity).

A

Eccrine Gland

78
Q

Sweat is acidic (pH from__ to ___), a characteristic
that inhibits the growth of bacteria

A

4 to 6

79
Q

part of the body’s heat regulating
equipment

A

eccrine sweat glands

80
Q

largely confined to the axillary (armpit) and genital areas of the body.

A

Apocrine glands

81
Q

The apocrine glands secretion contains ___ and ____
in addition to all the substances present in eccrine
sweat; consequently, it may have a ___ or ____ color.

A

fatty acids, proteins

milky or yellowish

82
Q

The secretion is ____, but when bacteria that live on the skin use its proteins and fats as a source of nutrients, it can take on a musky, unpleasant odor.

A

odorless

83
Q

produced by hair follicles, are found all over the body surface

A

hair

84
Q

Hair is found all over the body surface expect (4)

A

palms of the hands
soles of the feet
nipples
lips

85
Q

Function of hair (3)

A

-serves a few minor protective functions, such as guarding the head against bumps
-shielding the eyes (via eyelashes)
-helping to keep foreign
particles out of the respiratory tract (via nose hairs).

86
Q

The _____is composed of epithelial tissue and forms the hair.

A

inner epithelial root sheath

87
Q

The ____ is actually dermal connective tissue

A

outer fibrous sheath

88
Q
A
89
Q

_____ provides the blood supply to the matrix in the hair bulb (the deepest part of the follicle).

A

Its nipple-like hair papilla

90
Q

Outer fibrous sheath, this dermal region supplies _____ to the epidermal portion and reinforces it.

A

blood vessels

91
Q

scalelike modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals.

A

nails

92
Q

The borders of the nail are overlapped by folds of skin called

A

nail folds

93
Q

The edge of the thick proximal nail fold is commonly called the

A

cuticle

94
Q

The stratum basale of the epidermis extends beneath the nail as the

A

nail bed

95
Q

Its thickened proximal area, called the ___, is responsible for nail growth.

A

nail matrix

96
Q

Infections and Allergies (7)

A

-Athlete’s foot
-Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles
-Cold sores (fever blisters)
-Cold sores
-Contact dermatitis
-Impetigo
-Psoriasis

97
Q

An itchy, red, peeling condition of
the skin between the toes, resulting from an infection with the fungus Tinea pedis.

A

-Athlete’s foot

98
Q

_____ are caused by inflammation of hair follicles and surrounding tissues, commonly on the dorsal neck. ______ are clusters of boils often caused by
the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.

A

-Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles

99
Q

Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by human herpesvirus 1 infection. The virus localizes in a cutaneous nerve, where it remains dormant until
activated by emotional upset, fever, or UV radiation.

A

-Cold sores (fever blisters)

100
Q

usually occur around the lips and in the mucosa of the mouth and nose

A

-Cold sores

101
Q

Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering. It is caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals (such as those in poison ivy) that provoke allergic responses in sensitive individuals.

A

-Contact dermatitis

102
Q

Pink, fluid-filled, raised lesions (commonly around the mouth and nose) that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture and
weep fluid. Caused by highly contagious staphylococcus or streptococcus infections.

A

-Impetigo

103
Q

Characterized by reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed.

Autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks a person’s own tissues, leading to the rapid overproduction of skin cells.

A

-Psoriasis

104
Q

tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, UV radiation (sunburn), or certain chemicals (such as acids), which denature proteins and cause cell death in the affected areas.

A

burns

105
Q

only the superficial epidermis
is damaged. The area becomes red and swollen

A

First-degree burns

106
Q

burns involve injury to the epidermis and the superficial part of the dermis. The skin is red, painful, and blistered. Regrowth
epithelium can occur.

A

Second-degree burns

107
Q

destroy both the epidermis and the dermis and often extend into the subcutaneous tissue, reflecting their categorization as full Second-degree burns thickness burns.

A

Third-degree burns

108
Q

are also full-thickness burns, but they extend into deeper tissues such as bone, muscle, or tendons. These burns appear dry and leathery, and they require surgery and grafting to cover exposed tissue.

A

Fourth-degree burns

109
Q

a surgical procedure in which a piece of skin is transplanted from one area to another

A

Skin graft

110
Q

is the loss or removal of a body part such as a finger, toe, hand, foot, arm or leg.

A

Amputation

111
Q

Types of Skin Cancer (4)

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell
Melanoma
Merket Cell

112
Q

least malignant and most common skin cancer.

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

113
Q

relatively slow growing, and metastasis seldom occurs before the lesion is noticed.

A

Basal cell carcinoma

114
Q

Cells of the _______, altered so that they cannot form keratin, no longer honor the boundary between epidermis and dermis.

A

stratum basale

115
Q

Skin cancer that arises from the cells of the stratum spinosum

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

116
Q

The lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules (small, rounded swellings) that gradually form shallow ulcers with firm, raised borders.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

117
Q

It grows rapidly and metastasizes to adjacent lymph nodes if not removed.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

118
Q

This epidermal cancer is also believed to be induced by _____

A

UV exposure

119
Q

cancer of melanocytes

A

Malignant Melanoma

120
Q

can begin wherever there is pigment; most such cancers appear spontaneously, but
some develop from pigmented moles.

A

Melanoma

121
Q

It arises from accumulated DNA damage in a skin cell and usually appears as a spreading brown to black patch that metastasizes rapidly to surrounding lymph and blood vessels.

A

Malignant Melanoma

122
Q

ABCE Rule in Malignant Melanoma Diagnosis

A

Asymmetry
Border Irregularity
Color
Diameter
Evolution

123
Q

During the fifth and sixth months of development, a fetus is covered with a downy type of hair called ____

A

lanugo

124
Q

By the time the infant is born, it has usually shed this hairy cloak, and instead its skin is covered with
an oily coating called the ___

A

vernix caseosa

125
Q

This white, cheesy-looking substance, produced by the _____, protects the baby’s skin while it is floating in its water-filled sac inside the
mother.

A

sebaceous glands

126
Q

The newborn’s skin is very thin, and blood vessels are easily seen through it. As the baby grows, its skin becomes thicker, and more ________ is deposited.

A

subcutaneous fat

127
Q

Acne usually subsides in early adulthood, and the skin reaches its optimal appearance when we are in our ___ and ___.

A

twenties and thirties

128
Q

As we continue to age, the amount of subcutaneous tissue decreases, leading to sensitivity to

A

cold

129
Q

___ another result of the aging process, makes it more susceptible to bruising and
other types of injuries.

A

Thinning of the skin,

130
Q

The decreasing ___ of the skin, along with the loss of _____, allows bags to form under our eyes, and our jowls begin to sag.

A

elasticity

subcutaneous fat

131
Q

speed up this loss of
elasticity

A

smoking
sunlight

132
Q

Hair loses its luster as we age, and by age ____ the number of hair follicles has dropped by ____
and continues to decline, resulting in hair thinning and some degree of baldness, or alopecia in most people.

A

50

one-third

133
Q

Many men become bald as they age, a phenomenon called

A

male pattern baldness

134
Q

A bald man does have hairs in the bald area. But, because those hair follicles have begun to degenerate, the vellus hairs are ___and ___

A

colorless
very tiny

135
Q

Like balding, graying hair is usually genetically controlled by a “____” gene

A

delayed-action

136
Q
A
137
Q

Deep pressure receptors

A

Lamellar corpuscles

Human Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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