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Human Anatomy and Physiology > CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

deals with the structures of the body that are visible to the naked eye

A

Gross anatomy

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3
Q

Structures such as muscles, bones, digestive organs, or skin can be examined, historically, by means of

A

cadaveric dissections

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4
Q

study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

A

Microscopic anatomy

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5
Q

refers to the study of how the body and its parts work or function

A

Physiology

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6
Q

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

A

Atom
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

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7
Q

Forms the external covering, protects deeper tissue from injury;

A

Integumentary System

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8
Q

Function of Integumentary System

A

-external covering
-protects deeper tissue from injury
-synthesizes vitamin D
-location of sensory receptors

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9
Q

Example of location of sensory receptors

A

pain, pressure

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10
Q

Protects and supports body organ, provides a framework the muscles used to cause movement, blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.

A

Skeletal System

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11
Q

Function of Skeletal System

A

-Protects and supports body organ
-framework the muscles use for movement
-location of formation of blood cells
-store minerals

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12
Q

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression; maintains posture and produce heat.

A

Muscular System

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13
Q

Fast acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

A

Nervous System

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14
Q

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient used by body cells.

A

Endocrine System

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15
Q

Blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, waste; the heart pumps blood.

A

Cardiovascular System

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16
Q

transport blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, waste; the heart pumps blood.

A

Blood vessels

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17
Q

Picks up fluid, leaks from body vessels and return it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity.

A

Lymphatic System

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18
Q

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

A

Respiratory System

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19
Q

Breaks down food into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; in there it just a bowl. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as faces.

A

Digestive System

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20
Q

urinary system regulate

A

water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood.

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21
Q

Eliminates nitrogen-containing waste from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood.

A

Urinary System

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22
Q

produces sperm and male sex hormones

A

testes

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23
Q

aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract.

A

ducts and glands

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24
Q

produce eggs and female sex hormones

A

Ovaries

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25
Q

produce milk to nourish the newborn

A

Mammary glands of female breasts

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26
Q

Every cell of the human body is surrounded by an ______ that separates its contents from the outside interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) and allows entry of needed substances while generally preventing entry of potentially damaging or unnecessary substances.

A

external membrane

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27
Q

The body as a whole is also enclosed by the

A

integumentary system or skin

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28
Q

protects internal organs from threats coming from the external environment

A

integumentary system or skin

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29
Q

all the activities promoted by the muscular system

A

movement

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30
Q

provides the bones that the muscles pull on as they work

A

skeletal system

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31
Q

ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them

A

responsiveness or irritability

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32
Q

process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood

A

Digestion

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33
Q

Difference between Digestion and Metabolism

A

Digestion- break down food into smaller particles
Metabolism- break down molecules

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34
Q

refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body and all of its cells

A

Metabolism

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35
Q

Metabolism is regulated chiefly by _____ secreted by the glands of the endocrine system

A

hormones

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36
Q

Expel out waste and toxins in the body

A

Excretion

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37
Q

Organs used in excretory system

A

skin-perspiration
liver- ammonia/RBC
rectum-food
kidney- urine
lungs- carbon dioxide

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38
Q

production of offspring, can occur on the cellular or organismal level.

A

reproduction

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39
Q

Difference between cellular reproduction and organismal reproduction

A

cellular reproduction- cell division
organismal reproduction- by birth

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40
Q

The function of the reproductive system is regulated very precisely by _____ of ______.

A

hormones
the endocrine system

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41
Q

can be an increase in cell size or an increase in body size that is usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells.

A

Growth

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42
Q

two types of growth

A

Increase in cell size
Increase of cell number

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43
Q

For growth to occur, ______________ must occur at a faster rate than cell-destroying ones.

A

cell-constructing activities

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44
Q

released by the endocrine system plays a major role in directing growth.

A

hormones

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45
Q

SURVIVAL NEEDS (5)

A
  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen
  • Water
  • Normal Body Temperature
  • Atmospheric Pressure
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46
Q

refers to the positioning of the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward. The legs are parallel, with feet flat on the floor and facing forward

A

Anatomical position, or standard anatomical position,

47
Q

Explain anatomical position

A

refers to the positioning of the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward. The legs are parallel, with feet flat on the floor and facing forward

48
Q

positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body.

A

Directional Terms

49
Q

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above

A

Superior (cranial or cephalic)

50
Q

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

A

Inferior (caudal)

51
Q

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

A

Anterior (ventral)

52
Q

Toward or at the backside of the body; behind

A

Posterior (dorsal)

53
Q

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

A

Medial

54
Q

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

A

Lateral

55
Q

Between a more medial and more lateral structure

A

Intermediate

56
Q

Close to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

Proximal

57
Q

Farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A
58
Q

toward or at the body surface

A

Superficial (external)

59
Q

Away from the body surface, more internal

A

Deep (internal)

60
Q

The term ______, literally “toward the tail,” is synonymous with ______ only to the inferior end of the spine.

A

caudal

inferior

61
Q

_____ and _____ are synonymous in humans, but not in four-legged animals.

A

Anterior
Ventral

62
Q

Anterior and ventral are synonymous in humans, but not in four-legged animals. Ventral refers to an animal’s “belly,” making it the ______

A

inferior surface.

63
Q

The plantar region, or the sole of the foot, actually on the

A

inferior body surface

64
Q

Divides the body into
Sagittal plane-
Coronal plane-
Transverse plane-

A

Sagittal plane- left and right sides
Coronal plane- front and back
Transverse plane- up and down

65
Q

this vertical (top to bottom) plane divides the body into left and right sides

A

Sagittal plane (median, wheel)

66
Q

a plane that divides the body down the middle into equal left and right sides is the

A

Median Sagittal Plane

67
Q

a vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior or ventral) and back (posterior or dorsal)

A

Coronal (vertical, frontal, door) plane

68
Q

this horizontal plane is parallel to the ground and divides the body into up (toward the head) and down (toward the feet)

A

Transverse (horizontal, table) plane

69
Q

any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism

A

body cavities

70
Q

space where internal organs develop

A

body cavity

71
Q

Body cavity is located between the

A

skin and outer lining of the gut cavity

72
Q

”The human body cavity,” normally refers to the _____ because it is by far the largest one in volume.

A

ventral body cavity

73
Q

not considered cavities but may be held within cavities

A

Blood vessels

74
Q

Most cavities provide room for the organs to adjust to changes in the organism’s ____

A

position

75
Q

They usually contains ______ and sometimes _____ that protect the organs.

A

protective membranes
bones

76
Q

FOUR QUADRANT DIVISION OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

A
  • Right Upper Quadrants
  • Right Lower Quadrants
  • Left Upper Quadrants
  • Left Lower Quadrants
77
Q

Types of Body Planes

A
  • Sagittal plane
  • Coronal plane
  • Transverse plane
78
Q

NINE QUADRANT DIVISION OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

A

-umbilical region
-epigastric region
-hypogastric region (pubic)
-right iliac region(inguinal) and left iliac region (inguinal)
-right lumbar region and left lumbar region
-right hypochondriac region and left hypochondriac region

79
Q

centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel).

A

umbilical region

80
Q

located superior to the umbilical region

A

epigastric region

81
Q

epigastric meaning
epi-
gastric-

A

epi- upon, above
gastric-stomach

82
Q

inferior to the umbilical region and

A

hypogastric (pubic) region

83
Q

hypo means

A

below

84
Q

are lateral to the hypogastric region

A

right iliac (inguinal) region and left iliac (inguinal) region

85
Q

superior part of the hip bone

A

iliac

86
Q

lie lateral to the umbilical region and spinal column between the bottom ribs and the hip bones

A

right lumbar region and left lumbar region

87
Q

are lateral to the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs

A

right hypochondriac region and left hypochondriac region

88
Q

lumbus or the

A

loins

89
Q

chondro means

A

cartilage

90
Q

Other body cavities (3)

A

-Oral cavity and digestive cavity
-Nasal cavity
-Orbital cavities
-Middle ear cavities

91
Q

The mouth, contains the teeth and tongue and of and continuous with the digestive organs, which open to the exterior at the anus.

A

-Oral cavity and digestive cavity

92
Q

Located within and posterior to the nose, part of respiratory system

A

-Nasal cavity

93
Q

skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position.

A

-Orbital cavities

94
Q

carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.

A

-Middle ear cavities

95
Q

describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing

A

Homeostasis

96
Q

homeostasis and is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems, which use electrical signals delivered by nerves or bloodborne hormones, respectively, as information carriers.

A

communication

97
Q

Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis and is accomplished chiefly by

A

nervous and endocrine systems

98
Q

Communication is accomplished by the nervous and endocrine systems, which use ____ delivered by ____ or _____

A

electrical signals

nerves

bloodborne hormones

99
Q

information carriers

A

nerves and bloodborne hormones

100
Q

Components of homeostasis control system (3)

A

receptor
control center
effector

101
Q

____ is a sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. It responds to such changes, called _____, by sending information (input) to the second component, the control center.

A

receptor

stimuli

102
Q

Information flows from the receptor to the control center along the

Information flows from the control center to the effector along the

A

afferent pathway

efferent pathway

103
Q

determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained. This component analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action.

A

control center

104
Q

provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus.

A

effector

105
Q

physiological regulation system in a living body that works to return the body to its normal internal state, or commonly known as homeostasis.

A

feedback mechanism

106
Q

Feedback mechanisms is commonly known as

A

homeostasis

107
Q

serves to reduce an excessive response and keep a variable within the normal range

A

negative feedback

108
Q

serves to intensify a response until an endpoint is reached

A

Positive feedback

109
Q

Example of
-Negative Feedback
-Positive Feedback

A

Negative Feedback- temperature regulation and control of blood glucose
Positive Feedback- blood clotting and childbirth

110
Q

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are

A

negative feedback mechanisms

111
Q

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. In such systems, the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to either ___ the original stimulus or _____.

A

shut off
reduce its intensity

112
Q

homeostatic imbalance

A

cells may not get everything they need or toxic wastes may accumulate in the body

113
Q

Example of disease caused homeostatic imbalance

A

Diabetes

114
Q

blood glucose levels are no longer regulated and may be dangerously high

A

Diabetes

Human Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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