CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards by jy d

refers to the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another

Anatomy

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deals with the structures of the body that are visible to the naked eye

Gross anatomy

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Structures such as muscles, bones, digestive organs, or skin can be examined, historically, by means of

cadaveric dissections

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study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

Microscopic anatomy

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refers to the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Physiology

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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

Atom
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

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Forms the external covering, protects deeper tissue from injury;

Integumentary System

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Function of Integumentary System

-external covering
-protects deeper tissue from injury
-synthesizes vitamin D
-location of sensory receptors

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Example of location of sensory receptors

pain, pressure

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Protects and supports body organ, provides a framework the muscles used to cause movement, blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.

Skeletal System

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Function of Skeletal System

-Protects and supports body organ
-framework the muscles use for movement
-location of formation of blood cells
-store minerals

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Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression; maintains posture and produce heat.

Muscular System

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Fast acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Nervous System

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Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient used by body cells.

Endocrine System

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Blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, waste; the heart pumps blood.

Cardiovascular System

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transport blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, waste; the heart pumps blood.

Blood vessels

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Picks up fluid, leaks from body vessels and return it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity.

Lymphatic System

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Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Respiratory System

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Breaks down food into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; in there it just a bowl. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as faces.

Digestive System

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urinary system regulate

water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood.

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Eliminates nitrogen-containing waste from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood.

Urinary System

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produces sperm and male sex hormones

testes

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aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract.

ducts and glands

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produce eggs and female sex hormones

Ovaries

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produce milk to nourish the newborn

Mammary glands of female breasts

Every cell of the human body is surrounded by an ______ that separates its contents from the outside interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) and allows entry of needed substances while generally preventing entry of potentially damaging or unnecessary substances.

external membrane

The body as a whole is also enclosed by the

integumentary system or skin

protects internal organs from threats coming from the external environment

integumentary system or skin

all the activities promoted by the muscular system

movement

provides the bones that the muscles pull on as they work

skeletal system

ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them

responsiveness or irritability

process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood

Digestion

Difference between Digestion and Metabolism

Digestion- break down food into smaller particles Metabolism- break down molecules

refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body and all of its cells

Metabolism

Metabolism is regulated chiefly by _____ secreted by the glands of the endocrine system

hormones

Expel out waste and toxins in the body

Excretion

Organs used in excretory system

skin-perspiration liver- ammonia/RBC rectum-food kidney- urine lungs- carbon dioxide

production of offspring, can occur on the cellular or organismal level.

reproduction

Difference between cellular reproduction and organismal reproduction

cellular reproduction- cell division organismal reproduction- by birth

The function of the reproductive system is regulated very precisely by _____ of ______.

hormones the endocrine system

can be an increase in cell size or an increase in body size that is usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells.

Growth

two types of growth

Increase in cell size Increase of cell number

For growth to occur, ______________ must occur at a faster rate than cell-destroying ones.

cell-constructing activities

released by the endocrine system plays a major role in directing growth.

hormones

SURVIVAL NEEDS (5)

* Nutrients * Oxygen * Water * Normal Body Temperature * Atmospheric Pressure

refers to the positioning of the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward. The legs are parallel, with feet flat on the floor and facing forward

Anatomical position, or standard anatomical position,

Explain anatomical position

positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body.

Directional Terms

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above

Superior (cranial or cephalic)

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Inferior (caudal)

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Anterior (ventral)

Toward or at the backside of the body; behind

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Medial

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Lateral

Between a more medial and more lateral structure

Intermediate

Close to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Proximal

Farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

toward or at the body surface

Superficial (external)

Away from the body surface, more internal

Deep (internal)

The term ______, literally “toward the tail,” is synonymous with ______ only to the inferior end of the spine.

caudal inferior

_____ and _____ are synonymous in humans, but not in four-legged animals.

Anterior Ventral

Anterior and ventral are synonymous in humans, but not in four-legged animals. Ventral refers to an animal’s “belly,” making it the ______

inferior surface.

The plantar region, or the sole of the foot, actually on the

inferior body surface

Divides the body into Sagittal plane- Coronal plane- Transverse plane-

Sagittal plane- left and right sides Coronal plane- front and back Transverse plane- up and down

this vertical (top to bottom) plane divides the body into left and right sides

Sagittal plane (median, wheel)

a plane that divides the body down the middle into equal left and right sides is the

Median Sagittal Plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior or ventral) and back (posterior or dorsal)

Coronal (vertical, frontal, door) plane

this horizontal plane is parallel to the ground and divides the body into up (toward the head) and down (toward the feet)

Transverse (horizontal, table) plane

any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism

body cavities

space where internal organs develop

body cavity

Body cavity is located between the

skin and outer lining of the gut cavity

”The human body cavity,” normally refers to the _____ because it is by far the largest one in volume.

ventral body cavity

not considered cavities but may be held within cavities

Blood vessels

Most cavities provide room for the organs to adjust to changes in the organism’s ____

position

They usually contains ______ and sometimes _____ that protect the organs.

protective membranes bones

FOUR QUADRANT DIVISION OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

* Right Upper Quadrants * Right Lower Quadrants * Left Upper Quadrants * Left Lower Quadrants

Types of Body Planes

* Sagittal plane * Coronal plane * Transverse plane

NINE QUADRANT DIVISION OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

-umbilical region -epigastric region -hypogastric region (pubic) -right iliac region(inguinal) and left iliac region (inguinal) -right lumbar region and left lumbar region -right hypochondriac region and left hypochondriac region

centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel).

umbilical region

located superior to the umbilical region

epigastric region

epigastric meaning epi- gastric-

epi- upon, above gastric-stomach

inferior to the umbilical region and

hypogastric (pubic) region

hypo means

below

are lateral to the hypogastric region

right iliac (inguinal) region and left iliac (inguinal) region

superior part of the hip bone

iliac

lie lateral to the umbilical region and spinal column between the bottom ribs and the hip bones

right lumbar region and left lumbar region

are lateral to the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs

right hypochondriac region and left hypochondriac region

lumbus or the

loins

chondro means

cartilage

Other body cavities (3)

-Oral cavity and digestive cavity -Nasal cavity -Orbital cavities -Middle ear cavities

The mouth, contains the teeth and tongue and of and continuous with the digestive organs, which open to the exterior at the anus.

-Oral cavity and digestive cavity

Located within and posterior to the nose, part of respiratory system

-Nasal cavity

skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position.

-Orbital cavities

carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.

-Middle ear cavities

describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing

Homeostasis

homeostasis and is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems, which use electrical signals delivered by nerves or bloodborne hormones, respectively, as information carriers.

communication

Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis and is accomplished chiefly by

nervous and endocrine systems

Communication is accomplished by the nervous and endocrine systems, which use ____ delivered by ____ or _____

electrical signals nerves bloodborne hormones

information carriers

nerves and bloodborne hormones

Components of homeostasis control system (3)

receptor control center effector

____ is a sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. It responds to such changes, called _____, by sending information (input) to the second component, the control center.

receptor stimuli

Information flows from the receptor to the control center along the Information flows from the control center to the effector along the

afferent pathway efferent pathway

determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained. This component analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action.

control center

provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus.

effector

physiological regulation system in a living body that works to return the body to its normal internal state, or commonly known as homeostasis.

feedback mechanism

Feedback mechanisms is commonly known as

homeostasis

serves to reduce an excessive response and keep a variable within the normal range

negative feedback

serves to intensify a response until an endpoint is reached

Positive feedback

Example of -Negative Feedback -Positive Feedback

Negative Feedback- temperature regulation and control of blood glucose Positive Feedback- blood clotting and childbirth

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are

negative feedback mechanisms

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. In such systems, the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to either ___ the original stimulus or _____.

shut off reduce its intensity

homeostatic imbalance

cells may not get everything they need or toxic wastes may accumulate in the body

Example of disease caused homeostatic imbalance

Diabetes

blood glucose levels are no longer regulated and may be dangerously high

Diabetes