CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
refers to the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another
Anatomy
deals with the structures of the body that are visible to the naked eye
Gross anatomy
Structures such as muscles, bones, digestive organs, or skin can be examined, historically, by means of
cadaveric dissections
study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
Microscopic anatomy
refers to the study of how the body and its parts work or function
Physiology
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Atom
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Forms the external covering, protects deeper tissue from injury;
Integumentary System
Function of Integumentary System
-external covering
-protects deeper tissue from injury
-synthesizes vitamin D
-location of sensory receptors
Example of location of sensory receptors
pain, pressure
Protects and supports body organ, provides a framework the muscles used to cause movement, blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.
Skeletal System
Function of Skeletal System
-Protects and supports body organ
-framework the muscles use for movement
-location of formation of blood cells
-store minerals
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression; maintains posture and produce heat.
Muscular System
Fast acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Nervous System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient used by body cells.
Endocrine System
Blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, waste; the heart pumps blood.
Cardiovascular System
transport blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, waste; the heart pumps blood.
Blood vessels
Picks up fluid, leaks from body vessels and return it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity.
Lymphatic System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
Respiratory System
Breaks down food into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; in there it just a bowl. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as faces.
Digestive System
urinary system regulate
water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood.
Eliminates nitrogen-containing waste from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood.
Urinary System
produces sperm and male sex hormones
testes
aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract.
ducts and glands
produce eggs and female sex hormones
Ovaries
produce milk to nourish the newborn
Mammary glands of female breasts
Every cell of the human body is surrounded by an ______ that separates its contents from the outside interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) and allows entry of needed substances while generally preventing entry of potentially damaging or unnecessary substances.
external membrane
The body as a whole is also enclosed by the
integumentary system or skin
protects internal organs from threats coming from the external environment
integumentary system or skin
all the activities promoted by the muscular system
movement
provides the bones that the muscles pull on as they work
skeletal system
ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them
responsiveness or irritability
process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood
Digestion
Difference between Digestion and Metabolism
Digestion- break down food into smaller particles
Metabolism- break down molecules
refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body and all of its cells
Metabolism
Metabolism is regulated chiefly by _____ secreted by the glands of the endocrine system
hormones
Expel out waste and toxins in the body
Excretion
Organs used in excretory system
skin-perspiration
liver- ammonia/RBC
rectum-food
kidney- urine
lungs- carbon dioxide
production of offspring, can occur on the cellular or organismal level.
reproduction
Difference between cellular reproduction and organismal reproduction
cellular reproduction- cell division
organismal reproduction- by birth
The function of the reproductive system is regulated very precisely by _____ of ______.
hormones
the endocrine system
can be an increase in cell size or an increase in body size that is usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells.
Growth
two types of growth
Increase in cell size
Increase of cell number
For growth to occur, ______________ must occur at a faster rate than cell-destroying ones.
cell-constructing activities
released by the endocrine system plays a major role in directing growth.
hormones
SURVIVAL NEEDS (5)
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Normal Body Temperature
- Atmospheric Pressure
refers to the positioning of the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward. The legs are parallel, with feet flat on the floor and facing forward
Anatomical position, or standard anatomical position,
Explain anatomical position
refers to the positioning of the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward. The legs are parallel, with feet flat on the floor and facing forward
positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body.
Directional Terms
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above
Superior (cranial or cephalic)
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Inferior (caudal)
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the backside of the body; behind
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Medial
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Lateral
Between a more medial and more lateral structure
Intermediate
Close to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Proximal
Farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
toward or at the body surface
Superficial (external)
Away from the body surface, more internal
Deep (internal)
The term ______, literally “toward the tail,” is synonymous with ______ only to the inferior end of the spine.
caudal
inferior
_____ and _____ are synonymous in humans, but not in four-legged animals.
Anterior
Ventral
Anterior and ventral are synonymous in humans, but not in four-legged animals. Ventral refers to an animal’s “belly,” making it the ______
inferior surface.
The plantar region, or the sole of the foot, actually on the
inferior body surface
Divides the body into
Sagittal plane-
Coronal plane-
Transverse plane-
Sagittal plane- left and right sides
Coronal plane- front and back
Transverse plane- up and down
this vertical (top to bottom) plane divides the body into left and right sides
Sagittal plane (median, wheel)
a plane that divides the body down the middle into equal left and right sides is the
Median Sagittal Plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior or ventral) and back (posterior or dorsal)
Coronal (vertical, frontal, door) plane
this horizontal plane is parallel to the ground and divides the body into up (toward the head) and down (toward the feet)
Transverse (horizontal, table) plane
any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism
body cavities
space where internal organs develop
body cavity
Body cavity is located between the
skin and outer lining of the gut cavity
”The human body cavity,” normally refers to the _____ because it is by far the largest one in volume.
ventral body cavity
not considered cavities but may be held within cavities
Blood vessels
Most cavities provide room for the organs to adjust to changes in the organism’s ____
position
They usually contains ______ and sometimes _____ that protect the organs.
protective membranes
bones
FOUR QUADRANT DIVISION OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
- Right Upper Quadrants
- Right Lower Quadrants
- Left Upper Quadrants
- Left Lower Quadrants
Types of Body Planes
- Sagittal plane
- Coronal plane
- Transverse plane
NINE QUADRANT DIVISION OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
-umbilical region
-epigastric region
-hypogastric region (pubic)
-right iliac region(inguinal) and left iliac region (inguinal)
-right lumbar region and left lumbar region
-right hypochondriac region and left hypochondriac region
centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel).
umbilical region
located superior to the umbilical region
epigastric region
epigastric meaning
epi-
gastric-
epi- upon, above
gastric-stomach
inferior to the umbilical region and
hypogastric (pubic) region
hypo means
below
are lateral to the hypogastric region
right iliac (inguinal) region and left iliac (inguinal) region
superior part of the hip bone
iliac
lie lateral to the umbilical region and spinal column between the bottom ribs and the hip bones
right lumbar region and left lumbar region
are lateral to the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs
right hypochondriac region and left hypochondriac region
lumbus or the
loins
chondro means
cartilage
Other body cavities (3)
-Oral cavity and digestive cavity
-Nasal cavity
-Orbital cavities
-Middle ear cavities
The mouth, contains the teeth and tongue and of and continuous with the digestive organs, which open to the exterior at the anus.
-Oral cavity and digestive cavity
Located within and posterior to the nose, part of respiratory system
-Nasal cavity
skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position.
-Orbital cavities
carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.
-Middle ear cavities
describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing
Homeostasis
homeostasis and is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems, which use electrical signals delivered by nerves or bloodborne hormones, respectively, as information carriers.
communication
Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis and is accomplished chiefly by
nervous and endocrine systems
Communication is accomplished by the nervous and endocrine systems, which use ____ delivered by ____ or _____
electrical signals
nerves
bloodborne hormones
information carriers
nerves and bloodborne hormones
Components of homeostasis control system (3)
receptor
control center
effector
____ is a sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. It responds to such changes, called _____, by sending information (input) to the second component, the control center.
receptor
stimuli
Information flows from the receptor to the control center along the
Information flows from the control center to the effector along the
afferent pathway
efferent pathway
determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained. This component analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action.
control center
provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus.
effector
physiological regulation system in a living body that works to return the body to its normal internal state, or commonly known as homeostasis.
feedback mechanism
Feedback mechanisms is commonly known as
homeostasis
serves to reduce an excessive response and keep a variable within the normal range
negative feedback
serves to intensify a response until an endpoint is reached
Positive feedback
Example of
-Negative Feedback
-Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback- temperature regulation and control of blood glucose
Positive Feedback- blood clotting and childbirth
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are
negative feedback mechanisms
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. In such systems, the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to either ___ the original stimulus or _____.
shut off
reduce its intensity
homeostatic imbalance
cells may not get everything they need or toxic wastes may accumulate in the body
Example of disease caused homeostatic imbalance
Diabetes
blood glucose levels are no longer regulated and may be dangerously high
Diabetes
