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HAP > CH 4: Muscular System > Flashcards

CH 4: Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

responsible for body
movements, stabilizing joints, and generating
heat.

A

muscles

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2
Q

Muscles generate the force required to
cause movement by

A

contracting

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3
Q

a process in which proteins inside the muscle fibers overlap more than when they are at rest.

A

contracting

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4
Q

muscle function

A
  • Produce Movement
  • Maintain Posture and Body Position
  • Stabilize Joints
  • Generate Heat
  • Additional Functions
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5
Q

_____ are packaged into organs
called skeletal muscles that attach to the skeleton.

A

Skeletal muscle fibers

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers are packaged into organs called ____ that attach to the skeleton.

A

skeletal muscles

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7
Q

cover our bone and cartilage framework, they help form the smooth contours of the body

A

skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers are large, ______, multinucleate cells.

A

cigarshaped

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle is also known as (2)

A

striated muscle
voluntary muscle

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10
Q

no striations and is involuntary

A

Smooth muscle

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11
Q

difference in tissue and function
- skeletal muscle and smooth muscle

A

skeletal muscle
-striated
-voluntary

smooth muscle
-non striations
-involuntary

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12
Q

smooth muscle is found mainly in the walls of

A

hollow (tubelike) organs

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13
Q

Smooth muscle fiber characteristics
-shape
-nucleus
-surrounded
-arranged

A

shape- spindle-shaped
nucleus-uninucleate
surrounded- scant endomysium
arranged-two layers (circular and longitudinal)

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14
Q

spindle-shaped, uninucleate, and surrounded by scant endomysium and are arranged in two layers (circular and longitudinal)

A

smooth muscle fibers

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15
Q

striated, uninucleated and under involuntary control

A

cardiac muscle

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16
Q

The cardiac cells are cushioned by small amounts of endomysium and are arranged in

A

spiral or figure
8–shaped bundles

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17
Q

branching cells joined by special gap junctions called intercalated discs

A

cardiac muscle

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18
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers are branching cells joined by special gap junctions called

A

intercalated discs

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19
Q

are the structural and functional
units of skeletal muscle.

A

sarcomeres

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20
Q

precise arrangement of even smaller structures within sarcomeres– Thick and Thin Myofibrils

A

myofilaments

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21
Q

interconnecting tubules and sacs that is used for store calcium and to release it on demand when the muscle fiber is
stimulated to contract

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum interconnecting tubules
and sacs that is used for

A

store calcium and release

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23
Q

Muscle fibers have several special functional properties (3)

A

Irritability
Contractility
Extensilibity

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24
Q

also called responsiveness, which is
the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus.

A

Irritability

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25
Q

, is the ability to forcibly shorten
when adequately stimulated.

A

Contractility

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26
Q

is the ability of muscle fibers to stretch, whereas elasticity is their ability to recoil and resume their resting length after being
stretched.

A

Extensibility

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27
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers must be stimulated by

A

nerve impulses

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28
Q

may stimulate a few muscle fibers or hundreds of them, depending on the particular muscle and the work it does.

A

one motor neuron

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29
Q

A motor unit consists of ______ and _______ it stimulates

A

one neuron
all the skeletal muscle fibers

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30
Q

contain synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter which stimulates skeletal muscle fibers is Acetylcholine
or Ach.

A

Neuromuscular junction

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31
Q

Neuromuscular junctions, contain synaptic
vesicles filled with

A

neurotransmitter

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32
Q

Neuromuscular junctions, contain synaptic
vesicles filled with neurotransmitter which
stimulates skeletal muscle fibers is

A

Acetylcholine or Ach

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33
Q

states that a “muscle fiber will
contract to its fullest extent when it is stimulated adequately; it never partially contracts.

A

Muscle Law

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34
Q

Muscle Law states that a “_____ will
contract to its ______ when it is ____; it never ______.

A

muscle fiber
fullest extent
stimulated adequately
partially contracts

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35
Q

the whole muscle reacts to stimuli
with ______, or ______, which generate different amounts of
force.

A

graded responses
different degrees of shortening

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36
Q

Graded Muscle Contraction is generated by: (2)

A
  • (1) by changing the frequency of muscle
    stimulation
  • (2) by changing the number of muscle fibers being stimulated at one time.
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37
Q

Graded Muscle Contraction

  • (1) by changing the _____ of muscle
    stimulation
  • (2) by changing the number of _____ being stimulated at one time.
A

frequency
muscle fibers

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38
Q

Type of muscle contraction (2)

A

Isotonic Contractions
Isometric Contractions

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39
Q

he myofilaments are successful in their sliding movements, the muscle shortens, and movement occurs. Bending the
knee, lifting weights, and smiling are all examples of isotonic contractions.

A

Isotonic contractions

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40
Q

the myosin filaments are “spinning their wheels,” and the tension in the muscle keeps increasing. They are trying to slide,
but the muscle is pitted against some more or less immovable object.

A

Isometric contractions

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41
Q

Difference between isotonic and isometric contraction

A

Isotonic- muscle shortens, movement occurs

Isometric- muscle stays the same, tension increases,

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42
Q

he maintenance of partial contraction of a muscle, important for generating reflexes, maintaining posture and balance, and controlling proper function of other organ
systems.

A

muscle tone

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43
Q

Tone is controlled by the __________,
which measures muscle stretch.

A

sensory muscle spindle

44
Q

_____- is controlled by the sensory muscle spindle, which measures muscle stretch.

A

Tone

45
Q
  • Tone is not limited to skeletal muscles, but is also a property of ___ and ____.
A

cardiac and smooth muscles

46
Q

The continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles, which helps maintain

A

poisture

47
Q

helps us reach a steady rate of
ATP production and improves the efficiency of aerobic respiration.

A

aerobic respiration

48
Q

exercises require very little time and
little or no special equipment

A

Resistance

49
Q

When a muscle’s name includes the ______, its fibers or whole structure run parallel to that imaginary line.

A

term rectus (straight)

50
Q

straight muscle of the thigh.

A

rectus femoris

51
Q

a muscle’s name tells you that the muscle fibers run obliquely (at a slant) to the imaginary line.

A

oblique

52
Q

Relative size of the muscle
largest-
smallest-
long-

A

largest- maximus
smallest- minimus
long- longus

53
Q

Location of the muscle
temporalis-
frontalis-

A

temporalis- temporal
frontalis- frontal bones

54
Q

-the muscle has its origin on the sternum (sterno)
-(cleido)

A

-sternocleidomastoid
-clavicle

55
Q

shape of bone that is roughly triangular

A

deltoid muscle

56
Q

action of the muscle
-muscle of the thigh
-muscle of the wrist

A

-adductor
-adduction

57
Q

arranged in concentric rings

A

fascicles

58
Q

Fascicles are arranged in

A

concentric rings

59
Q

typically found surrounding
external body openings which they close by
contracting, creating a valve.

A

circular muscles

60
Q

A general term for such muscles is s

A

phincters (“squeezers”).

61
Q

muscle surrounding the eyes and mouth

A

orbicularis muscles

62
Q

In a _____, the fascicles converge
toward a single insertion tendon.

A

convergent muscle

63
Q

A convergent muscle is ____ and ____, such as the ___ ____ ____ of the anterior thorax

A

triangular or fan-shaped

pectoralis major muscle

64
Q

the length of the fascicles
run parallel to the long axis of the muscle, as in the
sartorius of the anterior thigh.

A

Parallel arrangement

65
Q

These muscles are straplike

A

Parallel arrangement

66
Q

modification of the parallel arrangement that results in a spindle- shaped muscle with an expanded belly (midsection) and
tapered ends.

A

fusiform

67
Q

Example of fusiform, a modification of the parallel arrangement

A

biceps brachii muscle

68
Q

short fascicles attach obliquely
to a central tendon.

A

pennate pattern

69
Q

In the extensor digitorum muscle of the leg, the fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, and the muscle is

A

unipennate

70
Q

If the fascicles insert into opposite sides of the tendon, the muscle is bipennate

A

bipennate

71
Q

If the fascicles insert from several different sides, the muscle is

A

multipennate

72
Q

Pennate Pattern: difference

Unipennate-
Bipennate-
Multipennate-

A

Unipennate-only side of tendon
Bipennate- opposite sides of tendon
Multipennate- sev. diff sides

73
Q
  • movement, generally in the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer together
A

Flexion

74
Q

typical of hinge joints (bending the
knee or elbow), but it is also common at ball-and socket joints (for example, bending forward at the hip).

A

Flexion

75
Q

Type of muscle movement (6)

A

-Flexion
-Extension
-Rotation
-Abduction
-Adduction
-Circumduction

76
Q

opposite of flexion, so it is a
movement that increases the angle, or distance,
between two bones or parts of the body
(straightening the knee or elbow).

A

extension

77
Q

greater than 180° (as when you
move your arm posteriorly beyond its normal
anatomical position, or tip your head

A

extension

78
Q

movement of a bone around
longitudinal axis its

A

rotation

79
Q

common movement of ball-and
socket joints and describes the movement of the
atlas around the dens of the axis.

A

rotation

80
Q

is moving a limb away (generally in
the frontal plane) from the midline, or median
plane, of the.

A

abduction

81
Q

fanning movement of your fingers or toes when they are spread apart

A

abduction

82
Q

as “adding” a body part by bringing it closer to the trunk.

A

adduction

83
Q

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction commonly seen in ball-and-socket joints, such as the
shoulder.

A

circumduction

84
Q

The proximal end of the limb is stationary, and its
distal end moves in a circle.

A

Circumduction

85
Q

Muscle Movement: Special Movement (7)

A

-Dorsiflexion
- Plantar Flexion
- Inversion
-Eversion
-Supination
-Pronation
-Opposition

86
Q

Up-and-down movements of the foot at the
ankle are given special names.

A

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

87
Q

Lifting the foot so that its superior surface
approaches the shin (pointing your toe toward your head) is

A

dorsiflexion

88
Q

pointing the toes away from your head is

A

plantar flexion

89
Q

Dorsiflexion of the foot corresponds to ____ and ______ of the hand at the wrist

A

extension
hyperextension

90
Q

plantar flexion of the foot corresponds to
____ of the hand

A

flexion

91
Q

also special movements of the foot

A

inversion and eversion

92
Q

turn the sole medially, as if you
were looking at the bottom of your foot.

A

inversion

93
Q

the foot, turn the sole laterally

A

eversion

94
Q

“turning backward”

A

supination

95
Q

“turning forward”

A

pronation

96
Q

occurs when the forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly (or up) and the radius and ulna are parallel, as in anatomical position.

A

Supination

97
Q

occurs when the forearm rotates medially so that the palm faces posteriorly (or down). Pronation brings the radius across the ulna so that the two bones form an X.

A

Pronation

98
Q

This is the action by which you move your thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers on the same hand.

A

opposition

99
Q
  • In the palm of the hand, the ____between ____ and the ______ allows opposition of the thumb
A

saddle joint

metacarpal 1
carpals

100
Q

This unique action makes the human hand a fine tool for grasping and manipulating objects.

A

opposition

101
Q

Muscles can’t ___—they can only pull as they ___

A

push
contract

102
Q

Muscles are arranged so that whatever one
muscle (or group of muscles) can do, other
muscles can ____

A

reverse

103
Q

muscle that has the major
responsibility for causing a particular movement

A

primer mover

104
Q

Muscles that oppose or reverse a movement

A

antagonist muscle

105
Q

help prime movers by producing the
same movement or by reducing undesirable movements.

A

synergist

106
Q

are specialized synergists. They hold a
bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover so all the tension can be used to move the insertion bone.

A

fixators

HAP (7 decks)

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