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HAP > CH 6: Special Senses > Flashcards

CH 6: Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

General senses of touch

A

− Temperature
− Pressure
− Pain

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2
Q

Special senses

A

− Smell
− Taste
− Sight
− Hearing
− Equilibrium

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3
Q

either large, complex sensory organs sensory organs (eyes and ears) or localized clusters or receptors (taste buds and olfactory epithelium)

A

Special sense receptors

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4
Q

complex sensory organs sensory organs
-example

A

eyes and ears

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5
Q

localized clusters or receptors
-example

A

taste buds and
olfactory epithelium

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6
Q

__percent of all sensory receptors are in the eyes

A

70

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7
Q

70 percent of all sensory receptors are in the ___

A

eyes

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8
Q

Protection for the eye (2)

A

-bony orbit
-cushion fat

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9
Q

Accessory structure of the eye (2)

A

eyelids
eyelash

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10
Q

modified sebaceous sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion to lubricate the eye

A

Meibomian glands

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11
Q

modified sweat glands between
the eyelashes

A

Ciliary glands

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12
Q

Membrane that lines the eyelids lines the
eyelids

A

Conjunctiva

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13
Q

Connects to the surface of the eye

A

Conjunctiva

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14
Q

Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye

A

Conjunctiva

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15
Q

produces lacrimal produces
lacrimal fluid

A

Lacrimal gland

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16
Q

drains lacrimal fluid from eyes

A

Lacrimal canals

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17
Q

Lacrimal apparatus (2)

A

-Lacrimal gland
-*Lacrimal canals

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18
Q

provides passage of lacrimal fluid
towards nasal cavity cavity

A

Lacrimal sac

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19
Q

empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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20
Q

Function of the lacrimal apparatus

A

*Dilute salt solution (tears)
*Contains antibodies and lysozyme
*Contains antibodies and lysozyme
* Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye
* Empties into the nasal cavity

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21
Q

extrinsic (external) eye muscle

A

Muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye

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22
Q

Produce gross eye movements and make it
possible to follow moving objects

A

extrinsic (external) eye muscle

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23
Q

-eye wall is composed of
-interior is filled with fluids called

A

three tunics coats
humors

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24
Q

Structure of the eye (4)

A
  • Fibrous tunic (sclera) outside layer
  • Choroid
  • Choroid middle layer
  • Sensory tunic inside layer
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25
Q

Fibrous tunic (2)

A

sclera
cornea

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26
Q

*White connective tissue layer

A

sclera

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27
Q

*Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”

A

sclera

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28
Q

*Transparent, central anterior portion

A

Cornea

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29
Q

The only human tissue that can be
transplanted without fear of rejection– no
blood vessels

A

Cornea

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30
Q

Blood-rich nutritive tunic

A

choroid layer

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31
Q

prevents light from scattering
inside the eye

A

dark pigment

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32
Q

Dark pigment prevents light from scattering inside the eye

A

choroid layer

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33
Q

Choroid layer is modified interiorly into two structures

A

ciliary body
iris

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34
Q

smooth muscle to which the
lends is attached

A

ciliary body

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35
Q

Pigmented layer that gives eye color

A

iris

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36
Q

rounded opening in the iris for light
to enter

A

pupil

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37
Q

Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)

A

sensory tunic (retina)

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38
Q

Sensory Tunic contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)

A

*Rods
*Cones

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39
Q

sensory tunic signal pass from photoreceptors via a two neuron chain

A

*Bipolar neurons
*Ganglion cells

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40
Q

Signals leave the retina toward the brain
through the

A

optic nerve

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41
Q

Most are found towards the edges of the
retina

A

rods retina

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42
Q

Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision

A

rods retina

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43
Q

Perception is all in gray tones

A

rods retina

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44
Q

Perception is all in __

A

gray tones

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45
Q

Allow for detailed color vision in bright light

A

Cones

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46
Q

Densest in the center of the retina

A

Cones

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47
Q

area of the retina with only
cones– lateral to each blind spot

A

Fovea centralis

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48
Q

No photoreceptor cells are at the ____ or ___– where the ____ leaves the
eyeball

A

optic disk, or blind spot

optic nerve

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49
Q

result of lack of one cone
type

A

Color blindness

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50
Q

Impulses received at the same time are
interpreted as

A

intermediate colors

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51
Q

Biconvex crystal-like structure

A

lens

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52
Q

Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body

A

lens

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53
Q

internal eye chamber fluids

A

Aqueous humor
Vitreous humor

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54
Q

Watery fluid found in chamber between the lens and cornea

A

Aqueous humor

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55
Q

Similar to blood plasma

A

Aqueous humor

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56
Q

Aqueous humor helps maintain

A

intraocular pressure

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57
Q

*Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea

A

Aqueous humor

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58
Q

Aqueous humor is reabsorbed into venous blood through the canal of

A

Schlemm

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59
Q

*Gel-like substance behind the lens

A

Vitreous humor

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60
Q

Keeps the eye from collapsing inward by
reinforcing it internally

A

Vitreous humor

61
Q

Lasts a lifetime and is not replaced

A

Vitreous humor

62
Q

form when the lens becomes
increasingly hard and opaque over time requiring
a transplant or special glasses

A

cataracts

63
Q

results when the drainage of aqueous
humor is blocked and pressure within the eye increases dramatically and compresses the delicate retina and optic nerve causing pain and blindness

A

Glaucoma

64
Q

Light must be focused to a point on the ___ for optimal vision done by the ___

A

retina
lens

65
Q

The ____ is set for distance vision for
distance vision (over __ ft away)

A

resting eye
20

66
Q

The lens must change__ to focus for closer
objects accommodation

A

shape

67
Q

formed on the retina

A

Real image

68
Q

real image are formed in

A

retina

69
Q

Photoreceptors of the retina

A

visual pathway

70
Q

Optic nerve crosses at the ____ to the opposite side

A

optic chiasma

71
Q

result are the optic tracts

A

Fiber tracts

72
Q

Optic tracts contains fibers from the____ of the eye on the ___ and the ___ of the ___

A

lateral side
same side

medial side
opposite eye

73
Q

Internal muscles are controlled by the
autonomic nervous system

A

eye reflexes

74
Q

causes pupils to constrict through
action of radial and ciliary muscles
photopupillary reflex

A

bright light

75
Q

*Bright light causes pupils to constrict through action of (2)

A

radial and ciliary muscles

76
Q

Viewing close objects causes
accommodation– accommodation pupillary
reflex

A

photopupillary reflex

77
Q

control eye movement to follow objects

A

External muscles

78
Q

Viewing close objects causes

A

convergence

79
Q

the ear houses two senses

A

*Hearing
*Equilibrium (balance)

80
Q

respond to physical forces

A

mechanoreceptors

81
Q

Although *Hearing and *Equilibrium (balance) organs are housed together in the ear, their receptors respond to ___ and are ____

A

different stimuli

activated independently

82
Q

The ear is divided into three areas

A

*Outer (external) ear
*Middle ear
*Inner (internal)

83
Q

ear structures involved in hearing only

A

outer and middle

84
Q

functions in both equilibrium and hearing

A

inner ear

85
Q

Structures of the external ear

A

Pinna (auricle) the ear
*External auditory canal

86
Q

Narrow chamber in the temporal bone

A

external auditory canal

87
Q

external auditory canal is lined with

A

skin

88
Q

secrete earwax– cerumen

A

Ceruminous (wax) glands

89
Q

the external auditory canal ends at the ____
where sound waves hit and cause vibrations

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

90
Q

Air-filled cavity within the temporal bone

A

middle ear, tympanic cavity

91
Q

Two tubes are associated with the inner ear

A

oval window and the inferior, membrane covered round window

92
Q

*The opening from the auditory canal is
covered by the

A

tympanic membrane

93
Q

*The auditory tube connecting the middle ear with the

A

throat

94
Q

*Allows for equalizing pressure during
yawning or swallowing

A

auditory tube

95
Q

Three bones span the tympanic cavity– the ossicles

A

*Malleus (hammer)
*Incus (anvil)
*Stapes (stirrup)

96
Q

Vibrations from eardrum move the

A

malleus

97
Q

Amazeof bony chambers within the temporal bone called the

A

osseous or bony labyrinth

98
Q

Inner ear or bony labyrinth parts

A

*Cochlea
*Vestibule
*Vestibule
*Semicircular canals

99
Q

Bony labyrinth is filled with a plasma-like fluid called

A

perilymph

100
Q

Inside of perilymph is a membranous labyrinth that contains a thicker fluid called

A

endolymph

101
Q

corni is Located within the

A

cochlea

102
Q

hair cells on the basilar
membrane– hearing receptors membrane–
hearing receptors

A

receptors

103
Q

Receptors, hair cells on the ____– hearing receptors membrane

A

basilar
membrane

104
Q

___ membrane is capable of
bending hair cells

A

Gel-like tectorial

105
Q

__nerve attached to hair cells
transmits nerve impulses to____ on temporal lobe

A

Cochlear
auditory cortex

106
Q
A
107
Q

Vibrations from sound waves move

A

tectorial membrane

108
Q

Hair cells are bent by the

A

membrane

109
Q

An action potential starts in the

A

cochlear nerve

110
Q

can lead to adaptation– stop responding to those sound

A

Continued stimulation

111
Q

Receptor cells are in two structures

A

*Vestibule
*Semicircular canals

112
Q
  • Equilibrium has two functional parts
A

*Static equilibrium
*Dynamic equilibriu

113
Q

receptors in the vestibule

A

Maculae

114
Q

Report on the position of the head with
respect to gravity– help determine up
from down

A

Maculae

115
Q

Send information via the vestibular
nerve

A

Maculae

116
Q

Maculae send information via the

A

vestibular nerve

117
Q

Hair cells are embedded in the

A

otolithic membrane

118
Q

float in a gel around the hair cells

A

otolithics

119
Q

(tiny stones)

A

Otoliths

120
Q

Movements cause otoliths to bend the
hair cells which send impulses along the
__ to __

A

vestibular nerve to the cerebellum

121
Q

receptors in the semicircular canals

A

Crista ampullaris

122
Q

Crista ampullaris (2)

A

*Tuft of hair cells
*Cupula (gelatinous cap) covers the hair cells

123
Q

stimulates the hair cells– gelatinous cap

A

cupula

124
Q

An impulse is sent via the ___ to the ___

A

vestibular nerve

cerebellum

125
Q

Senses that uses chemoreceptors

A

taste and smell

126
Q

Taste has ___ types of receptors

A

four

127
Q

Taste and smell senses complement each other and respond to many of the __

A

same stimuli

128
Q

are in the roof of the nasal cavity

A

Olfactory receptors

129
Q

sense of smell

A

olfaction

130
Q

Neurons with long cilia–

A

olfactory hairs

131
Q

Impulses in olfaction are transmitted via the ___ which makes up the ___

A

olfactory filaments
olfactory nerve

132
Q

Interpretation of smells is made in the

A

olfactory cortex

133
Q

house the receptor organs

A

taste buds

134
Q
  • Location of taste buds (3)
A

*Most are on the tongue
*Soft palate
*Inner cheeks

135
Q

The dorsal tongue is covered with projections called

A

papillae

136
Q

– sharp with no taste buds

A

Filiform papillae

137
Q

– rounded with taste buds

A

*Fungiform papillae

138
Q

– large papillae with taste buds

A

Circumvallate papillae

139
Q

Taste buds are found on the s

A

ides of papillae

140
Q

he specific cells that respond to chemical
dissolved in saliva are

A

epithelial cells

141
Q

Surrounded by supporting cells in the taste
bud

A

Gustatory cells

142
Q

Structure of taste buds

A

*Surrounded by supporting cells in the taste bud
*Have gustatory hairs (long microvilli)
*Hairs are stimulated by chemicals dissolved in saliva

143
Q

Impulses are carried to the gustatory complex by several____ because taste buds are found in different areas

A

cranial nerves

144
Q

(long microvilli)

A

gustatory hairs

145
Q

anterior tongue specifically

A

facial nerve

146
Q

structure of taste buds

A

*Facial nerve
*Glossopharyngeal nerve
*Vagus nerve

147
Q

Taste sensation

A
  • Sweet receptors
  • Sour receptors
  • Bitter receptors
  • Salty receptors
148
Q

Taste sensation

  • Sweet receptors
  • Sour receptors
  • Bitter receptors
  • Salty receptors
A
  • Sweet receptors
    *Sugars
    *Saccharine
    *May respond to the OH
    *Some amino acids
  • Sour receptors
    *Acids
    *May respond to the H+
  • Bitter receptors
    *Alkaloids
  • Salty receptors
    *Metal ions in solution
149
Q

are outgrowths of the brain

A

Eyes

HAP (7 decks)

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